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Clinical trials landscape

TL;DR — The trial landscape is small, heterogeneous and often mixes interventional treatment with imaging, survivorship and observational protocols. Live registry status is not evidence of efficacy and UNKNOWN is not equivalent to recruiting. Randomized evidence now exists for intra-arterial versus intravenous treatment and three versus six adjuvant cycles, but many local-delivery innovations remain phase 1/2 or single-centre. Active studies increasingly address intravitreal agents, high-risk postenucleation therapy, visual outcomes, genetics and late effects.

Decision-relevant evidence

  • The randomized IAC-versus-IV trial enrolled 143 children and raised two-year progression-free globe salvage from 27% to 53% (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.27–3.07, p=0.0020) while introducing ophthalmic-artery stenosis in 18% and occlusion in 3%. It is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR-IPR-15006469, not on ClinicalTrials.gov (Wen 2023, PMID 37536351).

  • The three-versus-six-cycle trial enrolled 187 and met its prespecified 12% noninferiority margin, with five-year disease-free survival 90.4% versus 89.2% (difference 1.2%, 95% CI −7.5 to 9.8; P = .003 for noninferiority) (Ye 2024, PMID 39432296; NCT01906814, registry status UNKNOWN as of 2026-09-01, last update posted 2024-04-09).

  • A second randomized trial addressed dose rather than route and was negative: standard versus higher-dose carboplatin in 32 group D/E eyes gave comparable globe salvage (group D 82% versus 67%, p = .58; group E 12.5% versus 29%, p = .57) and comparable meaningful-vision salvage, with no excess toxicity at the higher dose (Roy 2023, PMID 37243382).

  • ARET0321 enrolled 57 eligible extraocular cases and improved non-CNS outcomes at the cost of substantial toxicity, with one-year event-free survival 88.1% (stage II–III), 82.6% (stage IVa) and 28.3% (stage IVb/trilateral), and two therapy-related deaths (Dunkel 2022, PMID 35820112; NCT00554788, COMPLETED).

  • Two further Children's Oncology Group studies define what the cooperative-group route has and has not delivered: ARET0331 closed early with two-year event-free survival of 65% in group B eyes (Friedman 2017, PMID 28019092), and ARET0231 closed prematurely for poor accrual, reporting a one-year group D failure rate of 52% but unacceptable ocular toxicity from sub-Tenon carboplatin (Jubran 2020, PMID 32589362). Rarity plus a preference-driven treatment landscape makes accrual the binding constraint.

  • Feasibility, not efficacy, was the limiting result for the cooperative-group intra-arterial study: ARET12P1 enrolled 14 patients across nine institutions and achieved only 67% feasibility success, with catheterisation failures and one grade 4 hypotension (Chintagumpala 2024, PMID 37817345).

  • A phase I intravitreal-carboplatin trial illustrates dose/safety development rather than comparative effectiveness: four patients enrolled at 0.3 mg, all achieved complete seed regression, two later recurred and required enucleation, and one serious adverse event — acute vision loss with an extinguished electroretinogram — forced dose recalculation and early closure (King 2023, PMID 36372348; NCT02792036, COMPLETED).

  • Prospective non-randomized protocols supply the achievable-outcome benchmarks that randomized trials do not yet cover. The AIEOP RTB 012 phase II protocol enrolled 60 patients (88 eyes) treated with four carboplatin/etoposide cycles plus focal therapy; at median 8.71 years, 42 of 88 eyes were preserved, two- and five-year ocular event-free survival were 31.1% (95% CI 24.4–44.0) and 29.5% (20.4–39.2), and ocular survival differed sharply by group — 100% for A/B, 86.7%/73.3% for C, 65%/42.5% for D and 23.8%/14.3% for E at two and five years (Russo 2025, PMID 40891611). A prospective 39-patient phase 2 study of selective ophthalmic-artery melphalan reported median 3.9 cycles and a median dose–area product of 1.24 Gy·cm² per procedure (Lumbroso-Le Rouic 2021, PMID 34000459).

  • Historic prospective single-arm trials still anchor the chemoreduction era: 30 unilateral eyes that would otherwise have been enucleated or irradiated were treated with six planned VEC cycles plus focal therapy in a prospective non-randomized trial (Shields 2002, PMID 12470138), and a prospective risk-based post-enucleation protocol assigned 50 advanced unilateral patients to observation, VDC or alternating VDC/VCE by pathology, with all patients alive and recurrence-free at median 3.4 years (Sullivan 2014, PMID 24577551).

  • The most advanced non-chemotherapy agent to reach patients is an oncolytic adenovirus. VCN-01 replicates selectively where the RB1 pathway is dysfunctional; it killed patient-derived retinoblastoma models in vitro, improved ocular survival over standard-of-care chemotherapy in xenografts and prevented micrometastatic brain dissemination, and initial phase 1 data in patients showed feasible intravitreous administration with antitumour activity in vitreous seeds and viral replication markers in tumour cells, causing local vitreous inflammation but no systemic complications (Pascual-Pasto 2019, PMID 30674657).

  • Live registry status on 2026-09-01 for the studies tabulated below was retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov v2 API. Registry status is a statement about recruitment, not about efficacy, and UNKNOWN means the sponsor has not updated the record — it is not a synonym for active.

Clinical and research frame

Domain Operational meaning Evidence boundary
NCT05080010 Recruiting; phase 3 Adjuvant chemotherapy after high-risk enucleation
NCT04799002 Recruiting; phase 3 Topotecan and melphalan
NCT05504291 Recruiting; phase 2 Treatment delivered inside the eye
NCT03932786 Recruiting; observational Health outcomes after treatment
NCT04681417 Recruiting; phase 2/3 Conservative treatment and visual outcome
NCT06972602 Recruiting; early phase 1 High-dose topotecan for recurrent/refractory vitreous seeds
NCT06424301 Recruiting; early phase 1 NUDT21 siRNA in refractory disease
NCT06367530 Recruiting; observational Trilateral incidence and outcomes

Interpretation rules

  • Keep the child-level endpoints of survival and metastasis separate from the eye-level endpoint of globe salvage.

  • Report initial stage, laterality, heritability, prior treatment and follow-up; otherwise comparisons are not transportable.

  • A retrospective eye series estimates performance in selected eyes; it does not establish superiority over another route.

  • Absence of metastasis in a small series is a safety observation, not proof that risk is zero.

  • Treatment-era effects matter because external-beam radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, IAC and intravitreal therapy create different late-risk profiles.

  • Income stratum and access are effect modifiers, not background descriptors (Global Retinoblastoma Study Group 2022, PMID 35839812).

Evidence register

The following records were each retrieved live from PubMed E-utilities on 2026-09-01 and re-fetched live during the independent audit on the same date. Every identifier below resolved, and its author, year, journal and title matched the citation as written. Inclusion records the evidence base for this page; a register entry asserts that the record exists and is on topic, not that it supports a specific effect estimate.

PMID Year Study or review Role in this page
37536351 2023 Intravenous versus super-selected intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with advanced unilateral retinoblastoma: an open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Topic-resolved source (Wen 2023, PMID 37536351)
39432296 2024 Three vs 6 Cycles of Chemotherapy for High-Risk Retinoblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Topic-resolved source (Ye 2024, PMID 39432296)
35820112 2022 Intensive Multimodality Therapy for Extraocular Retinoblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group Trial (ARET0321). Topic-resolved source (Dunkel 2022, PMID 35820112)
36372348 2023 Intravitreal Carboplatin as Salvage Treatment for Progressive Vitreous Disease in Retinoblastoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial. Topic-resolved source (King 2023, PMID 36372348)
35839812 2022 The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries. Topic-resolved source (Global 2022, PMID 35839812)
30674657 2019 Therapeutic targeting of the RB1 pathway in retinoblastoma with the oncolytic adenovirus VCN-01. Topic-resolved source (Pascual-Pasto 2019, PMID 30674657)
37817345 2024 A multi-institutional feasibility study of intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with retinoblastoma. A Children's Oncology Group study (COG ARET12P1). Topic-resolved source (Chintagumpala 2024, PMID 37817345)
32589362 2020 A single-arm study of systemic and sub-Tenon chemotherapy for Groups C and D intraocular retinoblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group study (ARET 0231). Topic-resolved source (Jubran 2020, PMID 32589362)
28019092 2017 Systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Group B intraocular retinoblastoma (ARET0331): A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Topic-resolved source (Friedman 2017, PMID 28019092)
39528689 2024 Hemostatic effect of 3D-printed hip fixators in children with retinoblastoma after intra-arterial chemotherapy: a non-randomized controlled trial. Topic-resolved source (Zeng 2024, PMID 39528689)
29703164 2018 Comparison between intravenous chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. Topic-resolved source (Chen 2018, PMID 29703164)
40541288 2025 Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a performance analysis. Topic-resolved source (Weinberger 2025, PMID 40541288)
40061040 2023 Adjuvant therapy for children treated by enucleation at diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Diarra 2023, PMID 40061040)
32387053 2020 Impact of Systemic Chemotherapy and Delayed Enucleation on Survival of Children with Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Zhao 2020, PMID 32387053)
34606174 2022 Comparing efficacy and side effects of two systemic chemotherapy regimens for eye-preserving therapy in children with retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Grümme 2022, PMID 34606174)
15136321 2004 Practical approach to management of retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Shields 2004, PMID 15136321)
12470138 2002 Chemoreduction for unilateral retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Shields 2002, PMID 12470138)
40891611 2025 Eye Salvage and Vision Preservation in High-Risk Intraocular Retinoblastoma Patients: Long-Term Results From the Prospective Phase II AIEOP RTB 012 Study. Topic-resolved source (Russo 2025, PMID 40891611)
20381868 2010 Superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy as primary treatment for retinoblastoma (chemosurgery). Topic-resolved source (Abramson 2010, PMID 20381868)
17230058 2007 Chemoreduction for intraocular retinoblastoma in Malaysia. Topic-resolved source (Menon 2007, PMID 17230058)
34000459 2021 Selective Ophthalmic Artery Chemotherapy with Melphalan in the Management of Unilateral Retinoblastoma: A Prospective Study. Topic-resolved source (Lumbroso-Le 2021, PMID 34000459)
11713087 2001 Multiagent chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for multifocal intraocular retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Wilson 2001, PMID 11713087)
12973854 2003 Extraocular retinoblastoma: a 13-year experience. Topic-resolved source (Antoneli 2003, PMID 12973854)
24577551 2014 Pathologic risk-based adjuvant chemotherapy for unilateral retinoblastoma following enucleation. Topic-resolved source (Sullivan 2014, PMID 24577551)
24761912 2014 Parental age-related risk of retinoblastoma in Iranian children. Topic-resolved source (Saremi 2014, PMID 24761912)
17729249 2008 Outcomes of a two-drug chemotherapy regimen for intraocular retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Zage 2008, PMID 17729249)
41041300 2025 Circular RNAs and immunotherapy in retinoblastoma: emerging biomarkers and precision therapeutic strategies. Topic-resolved source (Wang 2025, PMID 41041300)
38538290 2024 Therapy for Vitreous Seeding Caused by Retinoblastoma. A Review. Topic-resolved source (Kodetová 2024, PMID 38538290)
39857692 2025 Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances. Topic-resolved source (Kulbay 2025, PMID 39857692)
32434859 2020 Chromosome 6p Amplification in Aqueous Humor Cell-Free DNA Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Retinoblastoma Ocular Survival. Topic-resolved source (Xu 2020, PMID 32434859)
36130950 2022 Characterizing DNA methylation signatures of retinoblastoma using aqueous humor liquid biopsy. Topic-resolved source (Li 2022, PMID 36130950)
35604935 2022 Liquid biopsy in Retinoblastoma: A review. Topic-resolved source (Ghose 2022, PMID 35604935)
39016001 2024 Single-cell somatic copy number alteration profiling of vitreous humor seeds in retinoblastoma. Topic-resolved source (Sirivolu 2024, PMID 39016001)
38454873 2024 Tumor DNA sampling from aqueous humor in retinoblastoma - A report from South Asia. Topic-resolved source (Meel 2024, PMID 38454873)
39519212 2024 Phenotypic Biomarkers of Aqueous Extracellular Vesicles from Retinoblastoma Eyes. Topic-resolved source (Amacker 2024, PMID 39519212)
36148636 2023 Follow-up of intraocular retinoblastoma through the quantitative analysis of conserved nuclear DNA sequences in aqueous humor from patients. Topic-resolved source (Cuadrado-Vilanova 2023, PMID 36148636)
35577019 2022 Aqueous humor as a surrogate biomarker for retinoblastoma tumor tissue. Topic-resolved source (Raval 2022, PMID 35577019)
37243382 2023 A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial of standard versus higher dose carboplatin-based intravenous chemotherapy for group D and E retinoblastoma. Added by audit 2026-09-01 (Roy 2023, PMID 37243382)

Source chronology

Era marker PMID What the record contributes
2001 11713087 Multiagent chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for multifocal intraocular retinoblastoma. (Wilson 2001, PMID 11713087)
2002 12470138 Chemoreduction for unilateral retinoblastoma. (Shields 2002, PMID 12470138)
2003 12973854 Extraocular retinoblastoma: a 13-year experience. (Antoneli 2003, PMID 12973854)
2004 15136321 Practical approach to management of retinoblastoma. (Shields 2004, PMID 15136321)
2007 17230058 Chemoreduction for intraocular retinoblastoma in Malaysia. (Menon 2007, PMID 17230058)
2008 17729249 Outcomes of a two-drug chemotherapy regimen for intraocular retinoblastoma. (Zage 2008, PMID 17729249)
2010 20381868 Superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy as primary treatment for retinoblastoma (chemosurgery). (Abramson 2010, PMID 20381868)
2014 24577551 Pathologic risk-based adjuvant chemotherapy for unilateral retinoblastoma following enucleation. (Sullivan 2014, PMID 24577551)
2014 24761912 Parental age-related risk of retinoblastoma in Iranian children. (Saremi 2014, PMID 24761912)
2017 28019092 Systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Group B intraocular retinoblastoma (ARET0331): A report from the Children's Oncology Group. (Friedman 2017, PMID 28019092)
2018 29703164 Comparison between intravenous chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. (Chen 2018, PMID 29703164)
2019 30674657 Therapeutic targeting of the RB1 pathway in retinoblastoma with the oncolytic adenovirus VCN-01. (Pascual-Pasto 2019, PMID 30674657)
2020 32387053 Impact of Systemic Chemotherapy and Delayed Enucleation on Survival of Children with Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma. (Zhao 2020, PMID 32387053)
2020 32434859 Chromosome 6p Amplification in Aqueous Humor Cell-Free DNA Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Retinoblastoma Ocular Survival. (Xu 2020, PMID 32434859)

Evidence limitations

  • Most intraocular treatment evidence is observational, single-centre and reported per eye; bilateral eyes within one child are statistically correlated.

  • Classification and treatment changed over time, producing stage migration and confounding by indication.

  • Rare metastatic and late-effect outcomes require multinational cohorts and decades of follow-up.

  • Verification is abstract-level. Every claim on this page was checked against the abstract of the record it cites during the independent audit on 2026-09-01; where an abstract could not support a claim, the claim was removed or restated as an explicit limit. Claims requiring full text beyond the abstract are not made here.

Open questions

  • Which studies use child survival, globe salvage and useful vision together? The current evidence register defines the design space but does not close the question.

  • How can rare metastatic molecular subtypes be enrolled internationally? The current evidence register defines the design space but does not close the question.

  • Which registry entries with unknown status require sponsor verification? The current evidence register defines the design space but does not close the question.

References

  1. Wen X, et al. Intravenous versus super-selected intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with advanced unilateral retinoblastoma: an open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health. 2023;7:613-620. PMID 37536351
  2. Ye H, et al. Three vs 6 Cycles of Chemotherapy for High-Risk Retinoblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332:1634-1641. PMID 39432296
  3. Dunkel IJ, et al. Intensive Multimodality Therapy for Extraocular Retinoblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group Trial (ARET0321). Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2022;40:3839-3847. PMID 35820112
  4. King BA, et al. Intravitreal Carboplatin as Salvage Treatment for Progressive Vitreous Disease in Retinoblastoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. Retina. 2023;7:354-359. PMID 36372348
  5. Global Retinoblastoma Study Group. The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries. The Lancet. Global health. 2022;10:e1128-e1140. PMID 35839812
  6. Pascual-Pasto G, et al. Therapeutic targeting of the RB1 pathway in retinoblastoma with the oncolytic adenovirus VCN-01. Science translational medicine. 2019;11. PMID 30674657
  7. Chintagumpala M, et al. A multi-institutional feasibility study of intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with retinoblastoma. A Children's Oncology Group study (COG ARET12P1). Pediatric blood & cancer. 2024;71:e30718. PMID 37817345
  8. Jubran RF, et al. A single-arm study of systemic and sub-Tenon chemotherapy for Groups C and D intraocular retinoblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group study (ARET 0231). Pediatric blood & cancer. 2020;67:e28502. PMID 32589362
  9. Friedman DL, et al. Systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Group B intraocular retinoblastoma (ARET0331): A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2017;64. PMID 28019092
  10. Zeng C, et al. Hemostatic effect of 3D-printed hip fixators in children with retinoblastoma after intra-arterial chemotherapy: a non-randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports. 2024;14:27613. PMID 39528689
  11. Chen Q, et al. Comparison between intravenous chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. BMC cancer. 2018;18:486. PMID 29703164
  12. Weinberger Y, et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a performance analysis. The British journal of ophthalmology. 2025;109:1298-1305. PMID 40541288
  13. Diarra Y, et al. Adjuvant therapy for children treated by enucleation at diagnosis of retinoblastoma. EJC paediatric oncology. 2023;1:None. PMID 40061040
  14. Zhao J, et al. Impact of Systemic Chemotherapy and Delayed Enucleation on Survival of Children with Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology. Retina. 2020;4:630-639. PMID 32387053
  15. Grümme L, et al. Comparing efficacy and side effects of two systemic chemotherapy regimens for eye-preserving therapy in children with retinoblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2022;69:e29362. PMID 34606174
  16. Shields CL, et al. Practical approach to management of retinoblastoma. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004;122:729-35. PMID 15136321
  17. Shields CL, et al. Chemoreduction for unilateral retinoblastoma. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002;120:1653-8. PMID 12470138
  18. Russo I, et al. Eye Salvage and Vision Preservation in High-Risk Intraocular Retinoblastoma Patients: Long-Term Results From the Prospective Phase II AIEOP RTB 012 Study. Cancer medicine. 2025;14:e71188. PMID 40891611
  19. Abramson DH, et al. Superselective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy as primary treatment for retinoblastoma (chemosurgery). Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1623-9. PMID 20381868
  20. Menon BS, et al. Chemoreduction for intraocular retinoblastoma in Malaysia. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology. 2007;29:2-4. PMID 17230058
  21. Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, et al. Selective Ophthalmic Artery Chemotherapy with Melphalan in the Management of Unilateral Retinoblastoma: A Prospective Study. Ophthalmology. Retina. 2021;5:e30-e37. PMID 34000459
  22. Wilson MW, et al. Multiagent chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for multifocal intraocular retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:2106-14; discussion 2114-5. PMID 11713087
  23. Antoneli CB, et al. Extraocular retinoblastoma: a 13-year experience. Cancer. 2003;98:1292-8. PMID 12973854
  24. Sullivan EM, et al. Pathologic risk-based adjuvant chemotherapy for unilateral retinoblastoma following enucleation. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology. 2014;36:e335-40. PMID 24577551
  25. Saremi L, et al. Parental age-related risk of retinoblastoma in Iranian children. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 2014;15:2847-50. PMID 24761912
  26. Zage PE, et al. Outcomes of a two-drug chemotherapy regimen for intraocular retinoblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2008;50:567-72. PMID 17729249
  27. Wang X, et al. Circular RNAs and immunotherapy in retinoblastoma: emerging biomarkers and precision therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in immunology. 2025;16:1666606. PMID 41041300
  28. Kodetová M, et al. Therapy for Vitreous Seeding Caused by Retinoblastoma. A Review. Ceska a slovenska oftalmologie : casopis Ceske oftalmologicke spolecnosti a Slovenske oftalmologicke spolecnosti. 2024;80:123-129. PMID 38538290
  29. Kulbay M, et al. Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances. Biomedicines. 2025;13. PMID 39857692
  30. Xu L, et al. Chromosome 6p Amplification in Aqueous Humor Cell-Free DNA Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Retinoblastoma Ocular Survival. Molecular cancer research : MCR. 2020;18:1166-1175. PMID 32434859
  31. Li HT, et al. Characterizing DNA methylation signatures of retinoblastoma using aqueous humor liquid biopsy. Nature communications. 2022;13:5523. PMID 36130950
  32. Ghose N, et al. Liquid biopsy in Retinoblastoma: A review. Seminars in ophthalmology. 2022;37:813-819. PMID 35604935
  33. Sirivolu S, et al. Single-cell somatic copy number alteration profiling of vitreous humor seeds in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic genetics. 2024;45:646-649. PMID 39016001
  34. Meel R, et al. Tumor DNA sampling from aqueous humor in retinoblastoma - A report from South Asia. Indian journal of ophthalmology. 2024;72:1012-1016. PMID 38454873
  35. Amacker A, et al. Phenotypic Biomarkers of Aqueous Extracellular Vesicles from Retinoblastoma Eyes. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024;25. PMID 39519212
  36. Cuadrado-Vilanova M, et al. Follow-up of intraocular retinoblastoma through the quantitative analysis of conserved nuclear DNA sequences in aqueous humor from patients. The journal of pathology. Clinical research. 2023;9:32-43. PMID 36148636
  37. Raval V, et al. Aqueous humor as a surrogate biomarker for retinoblastoma tumor tissue. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2022;26:137.e1-137.e5. PMID 35577019
  38. Roy PS, et al. A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial of standard versus higher dose carboplatin-based intravenous chemotherapy for group D and E retinoblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2023;70:e30444. PMID 37243382