Bibliography — generalized anxiety disorder

Every record below was retrieved live from PubMed E-utilities during the build session on 2026-09-02; none is cited from memory. Papers are grouped by the wiki section they principally serve, then by year. cited by: lists every page in this condition that cites the record.

Total distinct papers: 387.

Section	Papers
Overview and cross-cutting	33
Diagnosis, classification and reliability	26
The diagnostic boundary: criteria disputes, taxometrics, nosology	17
Epidemiology, burden and the treatment gap	21
Mechanism: worry models, neurobiology, genetics	31
Screening, instruments and measurement	20
Cognitive behavioural therapy	20
Other psychological and non-drug therapies	32
SSRI and SNRI pharmacotherapy	25
Pregabalin, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and other agents	25
Digital and remote delivery	24
Treatment-resistant GAD and neurostimulation	18
Course, relapse and long-term outcome	6
Special populations: children, older adults, perinatal	21
Comorbidity, primary care and collaborative care	18
Guidelines and recommendation documents	18
Clinical trials, placebo response and pipeline	7
Safety, harms, medical mimics	13
Patient experience and advocacy	12

Overview and cross-cutting

• Wagner E, et al. Risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and suicide attempt in people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of 165 studies. World Psychiatry. 2026;25:307-320. PMID 42136520 — tags: [course, overview] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, overview.md
• Aktürk Z, et al. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and 2-item (GAD-2) scales for detecting anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;3:CD015455. PMID 40130828 — tags: [diagnosis, measurement, meta-analysis, overview, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/spitzer-2006-gad7.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Kopcalic K, et al. Antidepressants versus placebo for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;1:CD012942. PMID 39880377 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, course, meta-analysis, other-drugs, overview, primary-care, safety, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/bschor-2024-placebo.md, literature/notes/slee-2019-network-meta-analysis.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Liu S, et al. CBT treatment delivery formats for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Transl Psychiatry. 2025;15:197. PMID 40506439 — tags: [CBT, digital, meta-analysis, overview] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• Sarkar AA, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and treatment gap of generalized anxiety disorder among adults in Bangladesh: Results from a nationally representative survey. J Anxiety Disord. 2025;116:103077. PMID 41061374 — tags: [epidemiology, overview] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• Bschor T, et al. Differential Outcomes of Placebo Treatment Across 9 Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:757-768. PMID 38809560 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, overview, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/bschor-2024-placebo.md, literature/notes/slee-2019-network-meta-analysis.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Papola D, et al. Psychotherapies for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:250-259. PMID 37851421 — tags: [CBT, course, meta-analysis, other-therapy, overview, patient-voice] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Ruscio AM, et al. The case for eliminating excessive worry as a requirement for generalized anxiety disorder: a cross-national investigation. Psychol Med. 2024;54:3447-3458. PMID 39364896 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis, epidemiology, guidelines, overview, patient-voice, safety] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2017-cross-national-epidemiology.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2024-excessiveness.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Jayasankar P, et al. Current prevalence and determinants of generalized anxiety disorder from a nationally representative, population-based survey of India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023;65:1244-1248. PMID 38298878 — tags: [diagnosis, epidemiology, overview] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• O'Connor EA, et al. Anxiety Screening: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023;329:2171-2184. PMID 37338868 — tags: [boundary, guidelines, measurement, overview, primary-care, systematic-review] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, overview.md, screening-and-measurement.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Pauley D, et al. Two decades of digital interventions for anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effectiveness. Psychol Med. 2023;53:567-579. PMID 34047264 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis, overview] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• US Preventive Services Task Force, et al. Screening for Anxiety Disorders in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2023;329:2163-2170. PMID 37338866 — tags: [guidelines, measurement, overview, populations, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, overview.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• Stein DJ, et al. Perceived helpfulness of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a World Mental Health Surveys report. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:392. PMID 34372811 — tags: [overview, patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• van Dis EAM, et al. Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:265-273. PMID 31758858 — tags: [CBT, course, meta-analysis, overview] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• Chen TR, et al. Pharmacological and psychological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: A network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;118:73-83. PMID 31494377 — tags: [CBT, SSRI-SNRI, boundary, meta-analysis, other-drugs, overview, primary-care] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• DeMartini J, et al. Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:ITC49-ITC64. PMID 30934083 — tags: [diagnosis, overview] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, overview.md
• Slee A, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;393:768-777. PMID 30712879 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, guidelines, measurement, meta-analysis, other-drugs, overview, safety, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/bschor-2024-placebo.md, literature/notes/slee-2019-network-meta-analysis.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, screening-and-measurement.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Carpenter JK, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35:502-514. PMID 29451967 — tags: [CBT, boundary, meta-analysis, overview] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Lijster JM, et al. The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62:237-246. PMID 27310233 — tags: [epidemiology, meta-analysis, overview] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md
• Ruscio AM, et al. Cross-sectional Comparison of the Epidemiology of DSM-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across the Globe. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:465-475. PMID 28297020 — tags: [boundary, course, diagnosis, epidemiology, measurement, overview, patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2017-cross-national-epidemiology.md, literature/notes/spitzer-2006-gad7.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, screening-and-measurement.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Marcus DK, et al. The latent structure of generalized anxiety disorder in midlife adults. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215:366-71. PMID 24377439 — tags: [boundary, overview] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, overview.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14:697-710. PMID 21211105 — tags: [] — cited by: literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Roy-Byrne P, et al. Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1921-8. PMID 20483968 — tags: [RCT, guidelines, overview, patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Bandelow B, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2008;9:248-312. PMID 18949648 — tags: [guideline] — cited by: literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Hoffman DL, et al. Human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:72-90. PMID 17146763 — tags: [boundary, epidemiology, overview, patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Kendler KS, et al. The sources of co-morbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychol Med. 2007;37:453-62. PMID 17121688 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis, mechanism, overview, twin-study] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, mechanism-and-models.md, overview.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Allgulander C, et al. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9:495-505. PMID 16316482 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, course, guidelines, overview] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8:293-302. PMID 15576000 — tags: [] — cited by: literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:567-96. PMID 16272179 — tags: [guideline] — cited by: literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Kessler RC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593-602. PMID 15939837 — tags: [] — cited by: literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Wittchen HU, et al. Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 8:24-34. PMID 12044105 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis, overview, primary-care, safety] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2017-cross-national-epidemiology.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Ballenger JC, et al. Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 11:53-8. PMID 11414552 — tags: [guideline] — cited by: literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Yonkers KA, et al. Factors predicting the clinical course of generalised anxiety disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:544-9. PMID 10974960 — tags: [course, guidelines, overview] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, overview.md

Diagnosis, classification and reliability

• Domschke K, et al. Taxonomy of anxiety disorders-a comparison of ICD‑10 and ICD‑11. Nervenarzt. 2025;96:1-5. PMID 40728738 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Shevlin M, et al. The development and initial validation of self-report measures of ICD-11 depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder: The International Depression Questionnaire (IDQ) and the International Anxiety Questionnaire (IAQ). J Clin Psychol. 2023;79:854-870. PMID 36215152 — tags: [diagnosis, epidemiology, measurement] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Tolin DF, et al. The DIAMOND-KID: Psychometric Properties of a Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 Anxiety, Mood, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Assessment. 2023;30:2351-2363. PMID 36632642 — tags: [diagnosis, populations] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Park SC, et al. Anxiety Disorders in the DSM-5: Changes, Controversies, and Future Directions. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:187-196. PMID 32002930 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Rebello TJ, et al. Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Results from a Global Case-controlled Field Study. Arch Med Res. 2019;50:490-501. PMID 32018071 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Crocq MA. The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19:107-116. PMID 28867935 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Gilmour H. Threshold and subthreshold Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and suicide ideation. Health Rep. 2016;27:13-21. PMID 27849314 — tags: [course, diagnosis, epidemiology, safety] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Chmielewski M, et al. Method matters: Understanding diagnostic reliability in DSM-IV and DSM-5. J Abnorm Psychol. 2015;124:764-9. PMID 26098046 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Haller H, et al. The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:128. PMID 24886240 — tags: [diagnosis, epidemiology, systematic-review] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2024-excessiveness.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Herr NR, et al. Does this patient have generalized anxiety or panic disorder?: The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312:78-84. PMID 25058220 — tags: [diagnosis, measurement, systematic-review] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Hallion LS, et al. Should uncontrollable worry be removed from the definition of GAD? A test of incremental validity. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:369-75. PMID 23713499 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis, mechanism] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2024-excessiveness.md, mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Regier DA, et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:59-70. PMID 23111466 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Gordon D, et al. Reliability and validity of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder features. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:813-21. PMID 21596519 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Andrews G, et al. Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:134-47. PMID 20058241 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Lee S, et al. Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries. Psychol Med. 2009;39:1163-76. PMID 19091158 — tags: [boundary, course, diagnosis, epidemiology] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Hettema JM. The nosologic relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:300-16. PMID 18412057 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Ruscio AM, et al. Broadening the definition of generalized anxiety disorder: effects on prevalence and associations with other disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21:662-76. PMID 17118626 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Angst J, et al. Varying temporal criteria for generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics in a young age cohort. Psychol Med. 2006;36:1283-92. PMID 16734945 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Spitzer RL, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092-7. PMID 16717171 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis, measurement] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/spitzer-2006-gad7.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Ruscio AM, et al. Should excessive worry be required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder? Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med. 2005;35:1761-72. PMID 16300690 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Andrews G, et al. The classification of anxiety disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV: a concordance analysis. Psychopathology. 2002;35:100-6. PMID 12145492 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Wittchen HU. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depress Anxiety. 2002;16:162-71. PMID 12497648 — tags: [diagnosis, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Brown TA, et al. Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: implications for the classification of emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:49-58. PMID 11261399 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Starcevic V, et al. The concept of generalized anxiety disorder: between the too narrow and too wide diagnostic criteria. Psychopathology. 1999;32:5-11. PMID 9885394 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Wittchen HU, et al. Reliability and clinical validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 1995;29:95-110. PMID 7666382 — tags: [boundary, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2017-cross-national-epidemiology.md, literature/notes/ruscio-2024-excessiveness.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Di Nardo PA, et al. Reliability of DSM-III anxiety disorder categories using a new structured interview. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:1070-4. PMID 6625856 — tags: [diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-and-classification.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

The diagnostic boundary: criteria disputes, taxometrics, nosology

• Strom NI, et al. Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling. Nat Genet. 2026;58:275-288. PMID 41634414 — tags: [boundary, mechanism, meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Ter Kuile AR, et al. Genome-wide genetic overlap between fear-based disorders and generalised anxiety disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2026. PMID 42374129 — tags: [boundary, mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Cai H, et al. A network model of depressive and anxiety symptoms: a statistical evaluation. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:767-781. PMID 38238548 — tags: [boundary, systematic-review] — cited by: the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Cicero DC, et al. State of the Science: The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Behav Ther. 2024;55:1114-1129. PMID 39443056 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Shevlin M, et al. ICD-11 'mixed depressive and anxiety disorder' is clinical rather than sub-clinical and more common than anxiety and depression in the general population. Br J Clin Psychol. 2022;61:18-36. PMID 34273110 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Watson D, et al. The Development of Preliminary HiTOP Internalizing Spectrum Scales. Assessment. 2022;29:17-33. PMID 33794667 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Dobson ET, et al. Bridging Anxiety and Depression: A Network Approach in Anxious Adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2021;280:305-314. PMID 33221716 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Waszczuk MA, et al. Redefining phenotypes to advance psychiatric genetics: Implications from hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 2020;129:143-161. PMID 31804095 — tags: [boundary, mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Sun X, et al. Dysfunctional metacognition across psychopathologies: A meta-analytic review. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;45:139-153. PMID 28763680 — tags: [boundary, mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Möller HJ, et al. The relevance of 'mixed anxiety and depression' as a diagnostic category in clinical practice. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;266:725-736. PMID 27002521 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Rutter LA, et al. Reliability and validity of the dimensional features of generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;29:1-6. PMID 25465882 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Kertz SJ, et al. Examining the latent structure of worry and generalized anxiety in a clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:8-15. PMID 24334160 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Faravelli C, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: is there any specific symptom?. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:1056-62. PMID 22578985 — tags: [boundary, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Niles AN, et al. Dimensional indicators of generalized anxiety disorder severity for DSM-V. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:279-86. PMID 22245699 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Kendler KS, et al. The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women. Phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:374-83. PMID 7726718 — tags: [boundary, mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, mechanism-and-models.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Kendler KS, et al. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments?. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:716-22. PMID 1514877 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md
• Clark LA, et al. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100:316-36. PMID 1918611 — tags: [boundary] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, the-diagnostic-boundary.md

Epidemiology, burden and the treatment gap

• Zhang Z, et al. Global, regional and national burden of anxiety and depression disorders from 1990 to 2021, and forecasts up to 2040. J Affect Disord. 2026;393:120299. PMID 40935255 — tags: [epidemiology, patient-voice] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Druet-Cabanac A, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, burden, and comorbid depression. Curr Med Res Opin. 2025;41:1053-1064. PMID 40611531 — tags: [epidemiology, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Fan Y, et al. Global burden of mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25:486. PMID 40375174 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Mason A, et al. Prevalence, age-of-onset, and course of mental disorders among 72,288 first-year university students from 18 countries in the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;183:225-236. PMID 40010072 — tags: [epidemiology, populations] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, special-populations.md
• Bie F, et al. Rising global burden of anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults: trends, risk factors, and the impact of socioeconomic disparities and COVID-19 from 1990 to 2021. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1489427. PMID 39691785 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Macdonald-Gagnon G, et al. Generalized anxiety and mild anxiety symptoms in U.S. military veterans: Prevalence, characteristics, and functioning. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;171:263-270. PMID 38325107 — tags: [epidemiology, populations, safety] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, special-populations.md
• Terlizzi EP, et al. Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among Adults: United States, 2019 and 2022. Natl Health Stat Report. 2024. PMID 39591466 — tags: [epidemiology, measurement] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/spitzer-2006-gad7.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9:137-150. PMID 35026139 — tags: [epidemiology, systematic-review] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Solmi M, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:281-295. PMID 34079068 — tags: [epidemiology, meta-analysis] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Szuhany KL, et al. Anxiety Disorders: A Review. JAMA. 2022;328:2431-2445. PMID 36573969 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398:1700-1712. PMID 34634250 — tags: [epidemiology, systematic-review] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Mohammadi MR, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;73:102234. PMID 32470794 — tags: [epidemiology, populations, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, special-populations.md
• Correa JK, et al. Expression of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across the Lifespan. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2019;41:53-59. PMID 31938010 — tags: [epidemiology, measurement, populations] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• Yu W, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in urban China: Prevalence, awareness, and disease burden. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:89-96. PMID 29524751 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Lee SP, et al. Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and severity of generalized anxiety disorder in Singapore. Asian J Psychiatr. 2016;23:32-38. PMID 27969075 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Revicki DA, et al. Humanistic and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder in North America and Europe. J Affect Disord. 2012;140:103-12. PMID 22154706 — tags: [epidemiology, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Mackenzie CS, et al. Prevalence and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in a national sample of older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:305-15. PMID 21427639 — tags: [epidemiology, populations, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, special-populations.md
• Angst J, et al. The generalized anxiety spectrum: prevalence, onset, course and outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;259:37-45. PMID 18575915 — tags: [course, epidemiology] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Weisberg RB. Overview of generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, presentation, and course. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70 Suppl 2:4-9. PMID 19371500 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Kroenke K, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:317-25. PMID 17339617 — tags: [epidemiology, measurement, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Wittchen HU, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 11:15-9; discussion 20-1. PMID 11414546 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md

Mechanism: worry models, neurobiology, genetics

• Li J, et al. Longitudinal Association Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Cognitive Change: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2026;23:588-596. PMID 42191132 — tags: [course, mechanism] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Husky MM, et al. Childhood adversities and their associations with mental disorders in the World Mental Health International College Student surveys initiative. Psychiatry Res. 2025;351:116585. PMID 40541041 — tags: [mechanism, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md, special-populations.md
• Nguyen L, et al. Executive functioning in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025;389:119683. PMID 40513710 — tags: [course, mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Xie C, et al. The characteristics of event-related potentials in generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;181:470-483. PMID 39675130 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md
• Xue Y, et al. Sleep disturbances in generalized anxiety Disorder: The central role of insomnia. Sleep Med. 2025;132:106545. PMID 40318600 — tags: [mechanism, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Baez S, et al. Performance in emotion recognition and theory of mind tasks in social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1192683. PMID 37275989 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md
• Llera SJ, et al. Incremental validity of the contrast avoidance model: A comparison with intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation. J Anxiety Disord. 2023;95:102699. PMID 36958137 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Newman MG, et al. A transdiagnostic evaluation of contrast avoidance across generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2023;93:102662. PMID 36565682 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Nordahl H, et al. An empirical test of the metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Scand J Psychol. 2023;64:263-267. PMID 36321682 — tags: [mechanism, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Wang Z, et al. Heart rate variability in generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and panic disorder: A network meta-analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2023;330:259-266. PMID 36914118 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Wilson EJ, et al. The impact of psychological treatment on intolerance of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2023;97:102729. PMID 37271039 — tags: [CBT, mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Cheng YC, et al. Heart rate variability in patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;76:292-302. PMID 35340102 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Deleurme KA, et al. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Does the Emotion Dysregulation Model Predict Symptoms Beyond the Metacognitive Model?. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 2022:1-17. PMID 36185761 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Liu X, et al. Pathological fear, anxiety and negative affect exhibit distinct neurostructural signatures: evidence from psychiatric neuroimaging meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:405. PMID 36151073 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Zugman A, et al. Mega-analysis methods in ENIGMA: The experience of the generalized anxiety disorder working group. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022;43:255-277. PMID 32596977 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md
• Chavanne AV, et al. The Overlapping Neurobiology of Induced and Pathological Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Neural Activation. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178:156-164. PMID 33054384 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Costello H, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e027925. PMID 31326932 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md
• Kolesar TA, et al. Systematic review and meta-analyses of neural structural and functional differences in generalized anxiety disorder and healthy controls using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:102016. PMID 31835287 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• McEvoy PM, et al. The impact of methodological and measurement factors on transdiagnostic associations with intolerance of uncertainty: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;73:101778. PMID 31678816 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Aktar E, et al. Environmental transmission of generalized anxiety disorder from parents to children: worries, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19:137-147. PMID 28867938 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Crouch TA, et al. Prospective Investigation of the Contrast Avoidance Model of Generalized Anxiety and Worry. Behav Ther. 2017;48:544-556. PMID 28577589 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Otowa T, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1391-9. PMID 26754954 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Hilbert K, et al. Neural structures, functioning and connectivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and interaction with neuroendocrine systems: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2014;158:114-26. PMID 24655775 — tags: [mechanism, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Lissek S, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with overgeneralization of classically conditioned fear. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75:909-15. PMID 24001473 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Newman MG, et al. Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: a review and theoretical synthesis of evidence on nature, etiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:275-97. PMID 23537486 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Gentes EL, et al. A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:923-33. PMID 21664339 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Newman MG, et al. A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:371-82. PMID 21334285 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Behar E, et al. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:1011-23. PMID 19700258 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Hettema JM, et al. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1568-78. PMID 11578982 — tags: [mechanism, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Dugas MJ, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:215-26. PMID 9613027 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, mechanism-and-models.md
• Kendler KS, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in women. A population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:267-72. PMID 1558460 — tags: [mechanism] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/kendler-1992-same-genes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, mechanism-and-models.md

Screening, instruments and measurement

• Machleid F, et al. Remote Measurement-Based Care Interventions for Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Ment Health. 2026;13:e63088. PMID 41603797 — tags: [measurement, meta-analysis] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Fomenko A, et al. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) for detecting anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;7:CD015456. PMID 40600405 — tags: [measurement, meta-analysis] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Hart C, et al. Examining the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 among young urban South African women. J Affect Disord. 2025;369:61-70. PMID 39321979 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Husain MI, et al. Measurement-Based Care to Enhance Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e2529427. PMID 40892412 — tags: [RCT, measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Riglea T, et al. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the GAD-7 across time, sex, and language in young adults. J Affect Disord. 2025;375:359-365. PMID 39880312 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Andreescu C, et al. Is Anxiety in Late Life an Uncharted Territory?-Questioning the USPSTF Draft Recommendation Statement for Anxiety Screening in Older Adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80:197-198. PMID 36652241 — tags: [guidelines, measurement, populations] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• US Preventive Services Task Force, et al. Screening for Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2022;328:1438-1444. PMID 36219403 — tags: [guideline, guidelines, measurement, populations] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• Nelson HD, et al. Screening for Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Women: A Systematic Review for the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:29-41. PMID 32510989 — tags: [measurement, patient-voice, populations, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• Shrestha S, et al. Psychometric properties of worry and anxiety measures in a sample of african american and caucasian older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24:315-321. PMID 30810345 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Toussaint A, et al. Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). J Affect Disord. 2020;265:395-401. PMID 32090765 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Muñoz-Navarro R, et al. Screening for generalized anxiety disorder in Spanish primary care centers with the GAD-7. Psychiatry Res. 2017;256:312-317. PMID 28666201 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Hall J, et al. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Older Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24:1063-1073. PMID 27687212 — tags: [CBT, measurement, meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, screening-and-measurement.md, special-populations.md
• Parkerson HA, et al. Cultural-based biases of the GAD-7. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;31:38-42. PMID 25725310 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/spitzer-2006-gad7.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Kertz SJ, et al. Psychometric properties of abbreviated and ultra-brief versions of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2014;26:1146-54. PMID 24932640 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Simpson W, et al. Comparative efficacy of the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as screening tools for generalized anxiety disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:434-40. PMID 25161068 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Kroenke K, et al. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:345-59. PMID 20633738 — tags: [measurement, primary-care, systematic-review] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Löwe B, et al. A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2010;122:86-95. PMID 19616305 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Matza LS, et al. Identifying HAM-A cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe generalized anxiety disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010;19:223-32. PMID 20718076 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/slee-2019-network-meta-analysis.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, screening-and-measurement.md
• Kroenke K, et al. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613-21. PMID 19996233 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md
• Meyer TJ, et al. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28:487-95. PMID 2076086 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, screening-and-measurement.md

Cognitive behavioural therapy

• Cuijpers P, et al. Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Mental Disorders in Adults: A Unified Series of Meta-Analyses. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82:563-571. PMID 40238104 — tags: [CBT, digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Dai X, et al. (Third-wave) cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;187:134-143. PMID 40367584 — tags: [CBT, digital, meta-analysis, other-therapy] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Andersson E, et al. The impact of reduced worry on general functioning: A mediation analysis from a randomized trial. Stress Health. 2024;40:e3319. PMID 37706604 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Jacoby RJ, et al. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga for generalised anxiety disorder on sleep quality in a randomised controlled trial: the role of worry, mindfulness, and perceived stress as mediators. J Sleep Res. 2024;33:e13992. PMID 37577773 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Papola D. Errors in Network Meta-Analysis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Psychotherapies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:320. PMID 38265780 — tags: [CBT, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Powell CLYM, et al. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24:10. PMID 38166836 — tags: [CBT, guidelines, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Costa MA, et al. Mechanisms of improvement in generalized anxiety disorder: A mediation and moderated mediation analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Psychol. 2023;62:196-208. PMID 36447332 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Picó-Pérez M, et al. Neural predictors of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome in anxiety-related disorders: a meta-analysis of task-based fMRI studies. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3387-3395. PMID 35916600 — tags: [CBT, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Flückiger C, et al. The relative efficacy of bona fide cognitive behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder at follow-up: A longitudinal multilevel meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2022;90:339-352. PMID 35311299 — tags: [CBT, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Trenoska Basile V, et al. Remote cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2022;78:2381-2395. PMID 35403706 — tags: [CBT, digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Gómez Penedo JM, et al. Interpersonal cognitions as a mechanism of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A multilevel dynamic structural equation model approach. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2021;89:898-908. PMID 34881910 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Simon NM, et al. Efficacy of Yoga vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Stress Education for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:13-20. PMID 32805013 — tags: [CBT, RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Coyne AE, et al. Interpersonal change as a mediator of the within- and between-patient alliance-outcome association in two treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2019;87:472-483. PMID 30829505 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Barlow DH, et al. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders Compared With Diagnosis-Specific Protocols for Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:875-884. PMID 28768327 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Bandelow B, et al. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30:183-92. PMID 25932596 — tags: [CBT, guidelines, meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Cuijpers P, et al. Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:130-40. PMID 24487344 — tags: [CBT, meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Donegan E, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: a comparison of symptom change in adults receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy or applied relaxation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:490-6. PMID 22506794 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md
• Hofmann SG, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:621-32. PMID 18363421 — tags: [CBT, meta-analysis] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Arntz A. Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation as treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:633-46. PMID 12732372 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Borkovec TD, et al. Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61:611-9. PMID 8370856 — tags: [CBT, RCT] — cited by: cognitive-behavioural-therapy.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

Other psychological and non-drug therapies

• Baker AW, et al. Effects of MBSR and escitalopram on self-compassion in anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2026;197:51-58. PMID 41759355 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Duan N, et al. Evaluating the efficacy and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2025;349:111989. PMID 40203547 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-therapy, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Hoge EA, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness to escitalopram for anxiety: In-person and remote, synchronous delivery pre and post COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2025;384:163-172. PMID 40324655 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Jiang H, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture versus sham acupuncture on generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1682400. PMID 41312341 — tags: [other-therapy, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Solmi M, et al. Exercise as a transdiagnostic intervention for improving mental health: An umbrella review. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;184:91-101. PMID 40043589 — tags: [other-therapy, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Zhang B, et al. Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for alleviating insomnia in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: systematic evaluation and net meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1669888. PMID 41244878 — tags: [other-therapy, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Hoge EA, et al. Attenuation of Anxiety-Potentiated Startle After Treatment With Escitalopram or Mindfulness Meditation in Anxiety Disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95:85-92. PMID 37331547 — tags: [other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Oft AC, et al. Effect of meditation or escitalopram on work performance in patients with anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2024;364:104-107. PMID 39134156 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Af Winklerfelt Hammarberg S, et al. Intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy versus metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in primary health care: A randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0287171. PMID 37315099 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Hoge EA, et al. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Escitalopram for the Treatment of Adults With Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80:13-21. PMID 36350591 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy, safety, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Newman MG, et al. Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts. Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22:751-770. PMID 36107159 — tags: [other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Sarris J, et al. Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022;23:424-455. PMID 35311615 — tags: [guidelines, meta-analysis, other-therapy] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Zhang W, et al. Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2022;179:106204. PMID 35378276 — tags: [guidelines, meta-analysis, other-drugs, other-therapy] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Gordon BR, et al. Resistance exercise training among young adults with analogue generalized anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;281:153-159. PMID 33321380 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Gould RL, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy for older people with treatment-resistant generalised anxiety disorder: the FACTOID feasibility study. Health Technol Assess. 2021;25:1-150. PMID 34542399 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy, populations, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, special-populations.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Gould RL, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy for late-life treatment-resistant generalised anxiety disorder: a feasibility study. Age Ageing. 2021;50:1751-1761. PMID 33852722 — tags: [other-therapy, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Haller H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Sci Rep. 2021;11:20385. PMID 34650179 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Solem S, et al. Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive-behavioral therapy in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: A 9-year follow-up study. Brain Behav. 2021;11:e2358. PMID 34520637 — tags: [RCT, course, other-therapy, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Hoge EA, et al. Treatment for anxiety: Mindfulness meditation versus escitalopram (TAME): Design of a randomized, controlled non-inferiority trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2020;91:105965. PMID 32087339 — tags: [other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Constantino MJ, et al. Specific and common processes as mediators of the long-term effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy integrated with motivational interviewing for generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother Res. 2019;29:213-225. PMID 28580884 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Constantino MJ, et al. Client interpersonal impacts as mediators of long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy integrated with motivational interviewing for generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother Res. 2018;28:861-872. PMID 28337945 — tags: [other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Mennin DS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with and without co-occurring depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:268-281. PMID 29504794 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Nordahl HM, et al. Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive-behavioural therapy in adults with generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych Open. 2018;4:393-400. PMID 30294448 — tags: [other-therapy, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Aviram A, et al. Responsive management of early resistance in cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84:783-794. PMID 27031326 — tags: [other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Eustis EH, et al. Reductions in experiential avoidance as a mediator of change in symptom outcome and quality of life in acceptance-based behavior therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2016;87:188-195. PMID 27718414 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Westra HA, et al. Integrating motivational interviewing with cognitive-behavioral therapy for severe generalized anxiety disorder: An allegiance-controlled randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84:768-782. PMID 26985729 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Hoge EA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:786-92. PMID 23541163 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Salzer S, et al. Long-term effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: 12-month follow-up. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56:503-8. PMID 21878162 — tags: [RCT, guidelines, other-therapy] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Wetherell JL, et al. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: a preliminary report. Behav Ther. 2011;42:127-34. PMID 21292059 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md, special-populations.md
• Leichsenring F, et al. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:875-81. PMID 19570931 — tags: [RCT, guidelines, other-therapy] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md
• Westra HA, et al. Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:1106-17. PMID 19665347 — tags: [RCT, other-therapy] — cited by: other-psychological-therapies.md
• Hunot V, et al. Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2007:CD001848. PMID 17253466 — tags: [course, meta-analysis, other-therapy] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, other-psychological-therapies.md

SSRI and SNRI pharmacotherapy

• Müller TJ, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of anxiolytic drugs for the treatment of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2026;276:1879-1894. PMID 40788541 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, guidelines, meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Kalfas M, et al. Incidence and Nature of Antidepressant Discontinuation Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82:896-904. PMID 40632531 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Otsubo T, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine extended release in Japanese patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;79:849-858. PMID 41123332 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Henssler J, et al. Incidence of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2024;11:526-535. PMID 38851198 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, other-drugs, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Meza N, et al. Vortioxetine for generalised anxiety disorder in adults. Medwave. 2021;21:e8172. PMID 34038400 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Rodrigues-Amorim D, et al. A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Duloxetine. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:554899. PMID 33192668 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Roles S. The largest meta-analysis of pharmaceutical treatments of Generalised Anxiety Disorder consolidates current knowledge and reveals convincing effectiveness of Venlafaxine. Evid Based Nurs. 2020;23:74. PMID 31138563 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Bandelow B, et al. Network analyses to rank pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2019;393:721-722. PMID 30712877 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Jakubovski E, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Dose-response curve of SSRIs and SNRIs in anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2019;36:198-212. PMID 30479005 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, safety, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Li X, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of short-term duloxetine treatment in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0194501. PMID 29558528 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Zhang Y, et al. Duloxetine in treating generalized anxiety disorder in adults: A meta-analysis of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2016;8:215-25. PMID 26238298 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Pae CU, et al. Vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;64:88-98. PMID 25851751 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Strawn JR, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of duloxetine for the treatment of children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:283-93. PMID 25791145 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Mavranezouli I, et al. The cost effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31:317-33. PMID 23512146 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Stein DJ, et al. Agomelatine prevents relapse in generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1002-8. PMID 22901350 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, course, guidelines, other-drugs] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Baldwin D, et al. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d1199. PMID 21398351 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, meta-analysis] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Lenze EJ, et al. Escitalopram for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:295-303. PMID 19155456 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, populations, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Llorca PM, et al. A continuous responder analysis from a long-term trial of duloxetine treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: implications for the randomized withdrawal relapse prevention study design. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:96-7. PMID 19142122 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Bose A, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:854-61. PMID 18050245 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Davidson JR, et al. Duloxetine treatment for relapse prevention in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18:673-81. PMID 18559291 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, course, guidelines] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Rynn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a flexible-dose, progressive-titration, placebo-controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:182-9. PMID 17311303 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Escitalopram and paroxetine in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder: randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:264-72. PMID 16946363 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI, treatment-resistant] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Brawman-Mintzer O, et al. Sertraline treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:874-81. PMID 16848646 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Davidson JR, et al. Escitalopram in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: double-blind, placebo controlled, flexible-dose study. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19:234-40. PMID 15274172 — tags: [RCT, SSRI-SNRI] — cited by: ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md
• Kapczinski F, et al. Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD003592. PMID 12804478 — tags: [SSRI-SNRI, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, ssri-and-snri-pharmacotherapy.md

Pregabalin, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and other agents

• Hsu M, et al. Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. JAMA. 2026;335:345-359. PMID 41296368 — tags: [other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Cardoner N, et al. Does pregabalin offer potential as a first-line therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1483770. PMID 39989902 — tags: [guidelines, other-drugs, systematic-review] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Chen A, et al. A Proposed Algorithm for the Pharmacological Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Older Patient. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2025;38:155-171. PMID 39352792 — tags: [guidelines, other-drugs, populations, safety, treatment-resistant] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, special-populations.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Fernandes H, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Benzodiazepines in the Treatment of Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Psychother Psychosom. 2025;94:373-388. PMID 40544830 — tags: [guidelines, meta-analysis, other-drugs, safety] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Hood SD, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis of agomelatine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in adult patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2025;40:62-74. PMID 38804215 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Dold M, et al. Baseline symptom severity and efficacy of Silexan in patients with anxiety disorders: A symptom-based, patient-level analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Eur Psychiatry. 2024;67:e23. PMID 38425206 — tags: [other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Garakani A, et al. Antipsychotic agents in anxiety disorders: An umbrella review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2024;149:295-312. PMID 38382649 — tags: [guidelines, other-drugs, safety, systematic-review, treatment-resistant] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Gundugurti PR, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial. Asian J Psychiatr. 2024;97:104073. PMID 38797087 — tags: [RCT, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Bartova L, et al. Beneficial effects of Silexan on co-occurring depressive symptoms in patients with subthreshold anxiety and anxiety disorders: randomized, placebo-controlled trials revisited. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;273:51-63. PMID 35262795 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Stein DJ, et al. Efficacy of Agomelatine 25-50 mg for the Treatment of Anxious Symptoms and Functional Impairment in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Three Placebo-Controlled Studies. Adv Ther. 2021;38:1567-1583. PMID 33537871 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Balon R, et al. Role of Benzodiazepines in Anxiety Disorders. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:367-388. PMID 32002938 — tags: [other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Kong W, et al. Comparative Remission Rates and Tolerability of Drugs for Generalised Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:580858. PMID 33343351 — tags: [other-drugs, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Wang SM, et al. Agomelatine for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020;18:423-433. PMID 32702221 — tags: [other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Black N, et al. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:995-1010. PMID 31672337 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Donelli D, et al. Effects of lavender on anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2019;65:153099. PMID 31655395 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Generoso MB, et al. Pregabalin for generalized anxiety disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;32:49-55. PMID 27643884 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Kasper S, et al. Efficacy of Silexan in mixed anxiety-depression--A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:331-340. PMID 26718792 — tags: [RCT, other-drugs] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Maneeton N, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy in acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:259-76. PMID 26834458 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Mao JJ, et al. Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2016;23:1735-1742. PMID 27912875 — tags: [RCT, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in generalised anxiety disorder: A critical review of the literature. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29:1047-60. PMID 26259772 — tags: [other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Altamura AC, et al. Augmentative quetiapine in partial/nonresponders with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:201-5. PMID 21403524 — tags: [RCT, other-drugs, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Boschen MJ. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56:558-66. PMID 21959031 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Depping AM, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010:CD008120. PMID 21154392 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs, safety, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• DeMartinis N, et al. Prior benzodiazepine use and buspirone response in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:91-4. PMID 10732655 — tags: [meta-analysis, other-drugs, safety, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Gammans RE, et al. Use of buspirone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and coexisting depressive symptoms. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, controlled studies. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;25:193-201. PMID 1454160 — tags: [RCT, meta-analysis, other-drugs] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md

Digital and remote delivery

• Liu C, et al. Uptake, Adherence, and Attrition in Clinical Trials of Depression and Anxiety Apps: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2026;83:43-50. PMID 41259035 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Wang Z, et al. Self-Guided Internet-Based Mindfulness-Informed Stress Management for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial With Longitudinal Network Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2026;28:e91751. PMID 42247657 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Harrer M, et al. Effectiveness of digital interventions for eight mental disorders: A meta-analytic synthesis. Internet Interv. 2025;41:100860. PMID 40703853 — tags: [digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Kulke JK, et al. Efficacy of standalone smartphone apps for mental health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Digit Health. 2025;7:100923. PMID 41290454 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Park C, et al. Efficacy of a Smartphone-Based Digital Therapeutic (Anzeilax) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e69981. PMID 41086425 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Parsons EM, et al. Digital Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e2548884. PMID 41396602 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Zhang Q, et al. Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e78238. PMID 41401240 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Benjet C, et al. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety and depression among Latin American university students: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2023;91:694-707. PMID 38032621 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Benjet C, et al. A Precision Treatment Model for Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression Among University Students: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80:768-777. PMID 37285133 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• He Y, et al. Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e43862. PMID 37115595 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Gega L, et al. Digital interventions in mental health: evidence syntheses and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26:1-182. PMID 35048909 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Musiat P, et al. Impact of guidance on intervention adherence in computerised interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2022;52:229-240. PMID 34802474 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Eilert N, et al. The effectiveness of Internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38:196-219. PMID 33225589 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Roy A, et al. Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e26987. PMID 34860673 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md
• Carl JR, et al. Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for moderate-to-severe symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37:1168-1178. PMID 32725848 — tags: [RCT, digital, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Etzelmueller A, et al. Effects of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Routine Care for Adults in Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22:e18100. PMID 32865497 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Domhardt M, et al. Internet- and mobile-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review of intervention components. Depress Anxiety. 2019;36:213-224. PMID 30450811 — tags: [digital, meta-analysis] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Health Quality Ontario. Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Health Technology Assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2019;19:1-199. PMID 30873251 — tags: [digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Hadjistavropoulos HD, et al. Randomized controlled trial of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy comparing standard weekly versus optional weekly therapist support. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;52:15-24. PMID 28964994 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Newby JM, et al. Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;46:25-34. PMID 27396841 — tags: [digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Dahlin M, et al. Internet-delivered acceptance-based behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016;77:86-95. PMID 26731173 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Johnston L, et al. Comorbidity and internet-delivered transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42:180-92. PMID 23458319 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Andersson G, et al. Therapeutic alliance in guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:544-50. PMID 22728647 — tags: [RCT, digital] — cited by: digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Paxling B, et al. Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2011;40:159-73. PMID 21770848 — tags: [RCT, course, digital] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, digital-and-remote-delivery.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

Treatment-resistant GAD and neurostimulation

• Schiele MA, et al. Integrative Systematic Review on Pharmacological, Psychotherapeutic, and Neurostimulatory Treatment Options in Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2026;95:214-247. PMID 40946318 — tags: [systematic-review, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Robison R, et al. Single Treatment With MM120 (Lysergide) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025;334:1358-1372. PMID 40906494 — tags: [RCT, safety, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/bschor-2024-placebo.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Qi L, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;178:378-387. PMID 39208534 — tags: [meta-analysis, treatment-resistant] — cited by: treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Fagan HA, et al. Pharmacological Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Current Practice and Future Directions. Expert Rev Neurother. 2023;23:535-548. PMID 37183813 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Kawashima Y, et al. Effects of riluzole on psychiatric disorders with anxiety or fear as primary symptoms: A systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2023;43:320-327. PMID 37463744 — tags: [systematic-review, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Hyde J, et al. Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:2709-2719. PMID 35365806 — tags: [meta-analysis, treatment-resistant] — cited by: treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Parikh TK, et al. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;25:144-146. PMID 34791241 — tags: [meta-analysis, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Daly EJ, et al. The effect of esketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression with and without comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38:1120-1130. PMID 34293233 — tags: [RCT, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Ansara ED. Management of treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder. Ment Health Clin. 2020;10:326-334. PMID 33224690 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Schanzer B, et al. Novel investigational therapeutics for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28:1003-1012. PMID 31607187 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Samuel M, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatments for refractory generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:63-8. PMID 21088608 — tags: [systematic-review, treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Lorenz RA, et al. Adjunctive use of atypical antipsychotics for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:942-51. PMID 20795849 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Pollack MH. Refractory generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70 Suppl 2:32-8. PMID 19371505 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Hoge EA, et al. Aripiprazole as augmentation treatment of refractory generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:522-7. PMID 18567977 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Pittenger C, et al. Riluzole in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2008;22:761-86. PMID 18698875 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Fava GA, et al. Sequential treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1392-400. PMID 16420076 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Worthington JJ, et al. Aripiprazole as an augmentor of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression and anxiety disorder patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20:9-11. PMID 15602109 — tags: [treatment-resistant] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md
• Massion AO, et al. Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:434-40. PMID 11982447 — tags: [course, primary-care, treatment-resistant, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, treatment-resistant-gad.md

Course, relapse and long-term outcome

• Wu JY, et al. Association between SSRI use and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and generalized anxiety disorder: A real-world cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2025;407:120390. PMID 40466339 — tags: [course, safety] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Bokma WA, et al. Predicting the naturalistic course in anxiety disorders using clinical and biological markers: a machine learning approach. Psychol Med. 2022;52:57-67. PMID 32524918 — tags: [course] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Martens EJ, et al. Scared to death? Generalized anxiety disorder and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease:The Heart and Soul Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:750-8. PMID 20603456 — tags: [course, safety] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Mantella RC, et al. Cognitive impairment in late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:673-9. PMID 17426260 — tags: [course, populations] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Bruce SE, et al. Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1179-87. PMID 15930067 — tags: [course, safety] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Yonkers KA, et al. Chronicity, relapse, and illness--course of panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: findings in men and women from 8 years of follow-up. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:173-9. PMID 12768651 — tags: [course] — cited by: course-relapse-and-long-term-outcome.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

Special populations: children, older adults, perinatal

• Ou L, et al. Prevalence of co-morbid anxiety and depression in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e84. PMID 40079080 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Solomonov N, et al. Prevalence and Trajectories of Perinatal Anxiety and Depression in a Large Urban Medical Center. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e2533111. PMID 40982279 — tags: [populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Stimpfl JN, et al. Deprescribing Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Discontinuation Approaches, Cross-Titration, and Withdrawal Symptoms. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2025;35:3-22. PMID 39469761 — tags: [populations, safety, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, special-populations.md
• Rondung E, et al. Identification of depression and anxiety during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2024;103:423-436. PMID 38014572 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Strawn JR, et al. Adverse Effects of Antidepressant Medications and their Management in Children and Adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2023;43:675-690. PMID 36651686 — tags: [populations, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, special-populations.md
• Strawn JR, et al. A Multicenter Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Escitalopram in Children and Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2023;33:91-100. PMID 37074330 — tags: [RCT, populations, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Li X, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for perinatal maternal depression, anxiety and stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;92:102129. PMID 35123346 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Smythe KL, et al. Prevalence of Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Both Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2218969. PMID 35749112 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Strawn JR, et al. Escitalopram in Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81. PMID 32857933 — tags: [RCT, populations, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Balasubramaniam M, et al. Antidepressants for anxiety disorders in late-life: A systematic review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2019;31:277-291. PMID 31369663 — tags: [populations, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Ginsburg GS, et al. Results From the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Extended Long-Term Study (CAMELS): Primary Anxiety Outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57:471-480. PMID 29960692 — tags: [populations] — cited by: special-populations.md
• Swan AJ, et al. Results from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Longitudinal Study (CAMELS): Functional outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:738-750. PMID 30138013 — tags: [RCT, populations] — cited by: special-populations.md
• Thorsness KR, et al. Perinatal anxiety: approach to diagnosis and management in the obstetric setting. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219:326-345. PMID 29803818 — tags: [populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Dennis CL, et al. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210:315-323. PMID 28302701 — tags: [meta-analysis, patient-voice, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, special-populations.md
• Kishita N, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Is CBT equally efficacious in adults of working age and older adults?. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;52:124-136. PMID 28119196 — tags: [populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, special-populations.md
• Wang Z, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:1049-1056. PMID 28859190 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• James AC, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015:CD004690. PMID 25692403 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations] — cited by: special-populations.md
• Ginsburg GS, et al. Naturalistic follow-up of youths treated for pediatric anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:310-8. PMID 24477837 — tags: [populations] — cited by: special-populations.md
• Stanley MA, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder among older adults in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1460-7. PMID 19351943 — tags: [RCT, populations, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, special-populations.md
• Walkup JT, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2753-66. PMID 18974308 — tags: [RCT, populations, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, special-populations.md
• Hammad TA, et al. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:332-9. PMID 16520440 — tags: [meta-analysis, populations, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, special-populations.md

Comorbidity, primary care and collaborative care

• Heddaeus D, et al. Collaborative and Stepped Care for Mental Disorders: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Outpatient Care (The COMET Study). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025;122:127-134. PMID 39908421 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Thomas NS, et al. Prospective associations between major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e232. PMID 40785390 — tags: [primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Zech JM, et al. Correlates of treatment-seeking in DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. J Anxiety Disord. 2024;106:102909. PMID 39047416 — tags: [patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Ishrat Husain M, et al. A Collaborative-Care Telephone-Based Intervention for Depression, Anxiety, and at-Risk Drinking in Primary Care: The PARTNERs Randomized Clinical Trial. Can J Psychiatry. 2023;68:732-744. PMID 36855791 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Evoy KE, et al. Abuse and Misuse of Pregabalin and Gabapentin: A Systematic Review Update. Drugs. 2021;81:125-156. PMID 33215352 — tags: [primary-care, safety, systematic-review] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Rollman BL, et al. Effectiveness of Online Collaborative Care for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:56-64. PMID 29117275 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Ratcliff CG, et al. Recognition of anxiety, depression, and PTSD in patients with COPD and CHF: Who gets missed?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;47:61-67. PMID 28807139 — tags: [RCT, primary-care, safety] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Rollman BL, et al. Telephone-Delivered Stepped Collaborative Care for Treating Anxiety in Primary Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32:245-255. PMID 27714649 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Ipser JC, et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD007505. PMID 25601826 — tags: [meta-analysis, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md
• Chavira DA, et al. Treatment engagement and response to CBT among Latinos with anxiety disorders in primary care. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82:392-403. PMID 24660674 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Joesch JM, et al. Incremental benefits and cost of coordinated anxiety learning and management for anxiety treatment in primary care. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1937-48. PMID 22152230 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Craske MG, et al. Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:378-88. PMID 21464362 — tags: [RCT, guidelines, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Stein MB, et al. Quality of and patient satisfaction with primary health care for anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:970-6. PMID 21367351 — tags: [RCT, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Alegría AA, et al. Comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder and substance use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1187-95; quiz 1252-3. PMID 20923623 — tags: [primary-care, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, comorbidity-and-primary-care.md
• Romera I, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder, with or without co-morbid major depressive disorder, in primary care: prevalence of painful somatic symptoms, functioning and health status. J Affect Disord. 2010;127:160-8. PMID 20541811 — tags: [patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Smith JP, et al. Comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders among individuals seeking outpatient substance abuse treatment. Addict Behav. 2010;35:42-5. PMID 19733441 — tags: [primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md
• Henningsen P, et al. Medically unexplained physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:528-33. PMID 12883101 — tags: [meta-analysis, primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Roy-Byrne PP, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: the precursor/modifier pathway to increased health care utilization. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58 Suppl 3:34-8; discussion 39-40. PMID 9133491 — tags: [primary-care] — cited by: comorbidity-and-primary-care.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

Guidelines and recommendation documents

• Vigod SN, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Perinatal Mood, Anxiety, and Related Disorders: Guide de pratique 2024 du Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments pour le traitement des troubles de l'humeur, des troubles anxieux et des troubles connexes périnatals. Can J Psychiatry. 2025;70:429-489. PMID 39936923 — tags: [guideline, guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Baldaçara L, et al. Brazilian Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines for generalized anxiety disorder: perspectives on pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. Braz J Psychiatry. 2024;46:e20233235. PMID 37956131 — tags: [guidelines, systematic-review] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Bandelow B, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders - Version 3. Part I: Anxiety disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24:79-117. PMID 35900161 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Bandelow B, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders - Version 3. Part II: OCD and PTSD. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24:118-134. PMID 35900217 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Hurtado MM, et al. Development of a guideline for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with the ADAPTE method. Int J Qual Health Care. 2020;32:356-363. PMID 32427320 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Walter HJ, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59:1107-1124. PMID 32439401 — tags: [guideline, guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Castro-Rodríguez JI, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and adequacy of treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders: A comparison of primary care and specialized care patients. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:462-71. PMID 25451451 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md
• Baldwin DS, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28:403-39. PMID 24713617 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Bandelow B, et al. The diagnosis of and treatment recommendations for anxiety disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014;111:473-80. PMID 25138725 — tags: [guidelines, patient-voice] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Katzman MA, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S1. PMID 25081580 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Bandelow B, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110:300-9; quiz 310. PMID 23671484 — tags: [guidelines, safety] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Schaffer A, et al. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012;24:6-22. PMID 22303519 — tags: [guideline, guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Kendall T, et al. Management of generalised anxiety disorder in adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2011;342:c7460. PMID 21270081 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Prins M, et al. The costs of guideline-concordant care and of care according to patients' needs in anxiety and depression. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17:537-46. PMID 20586845 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md
• Prins MA, et al. Outcomes for depression and anxiety in primary care and details of treatment: a naturalistic longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:180. PMID 22099636 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md
• Prins MA, et al. Patient factors associated with guideline-concordant treatment of anxiety and depression in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25:648-55. PMID 20049547 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md
• Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines. Management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51:9S-91S. PMID 16933543 — tags: [guideline, guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md
• Anonymous. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Work Group on Panic Disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1-34. PMID 9585731 — tags: [guideline, guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md

Clinical trials, placebo response and pipeline

• Monga S, et al. Study Preregistration: Measuring What Matters: Development and Dissemination of a Core Outcome Set for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Clinical Trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;62:696-698. PMID 37244653 — tags: [trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
• Carl E, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cogn Behav Ther. 2020;49:1-21. PMID 30760112 — tags: [meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/notes/bschor-2024-placebo.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Carl E, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;61:27-36. PMID 30287083 — tags: [meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Kalpakidou AK, et al. Barriers to recruitment when conducting a commissioned randomised controlled trial of medication versus psychological therapy for generalised anxiety disorder: some lessons learned. Trials. 2019;20:284. PMID 31126337 — tags: [patient-voice, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Zareifopoulos N, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vilazodone for the acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;26:115-122. PMID 28483071 — tags: [meta-analysis, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md
• Durgam S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Vilazodone in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:1687-1694. PMID 27232052 — tags: [RCT, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md
• Gommoll C, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose phase III study of vilazodone in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:451-9. PMID 25891440 — tags: [RCT, trials] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md

Safety, harms, medical mimics

• Fan T, et al. The Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Thyroid Disease: A UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study. Depress Anxiety. 2024;2024:8000359. PMID 40226662 — tags: [safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Fung CH, et al. Masked Taper With Behavioral Intervention for Discontinuation of Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184:1448-1456. PMID 39374004 — tags: [RCT, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Gardner DM, et al. Patient Self-Guided Interventions to Reduce Sedative Use and Improve Sleep: The YAWNS NB Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:1187-1197. PMID 39292452 — tags: [RCT, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Gheysens T, et al. The risk of antidepressant-induced hyponatremia: A meta-analysis of antidepressant classes and compounds. Eur Psychiatry. 2024;67:e20. PMID 38403888 — tags: [meta-analysis, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Holmberg M, et al. Psychiatric complications in Graves' disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13. PMID 38215285 — tags: [safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Lee SY, et al. Hyperthyroidism: A Review. JAMA. 2023;330:1472-1483. PMID 37847271 — tags: [safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Klevebrant L, et al. Effects of caffeine on anxiety and panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2022;74:22-31. PMID 34871964 — tags: [meta-analysis, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Kline GA, et al. Very high rate of false positive biochemical results when screening for pheochromocytoma in a large, undifferentiated population with variable indications for testing. Clin Biochem. 2020;77:26-31. PMID 31978379 — tags: [safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Pottie K, et al. Deprescribing benzodiazepine receptor agonists: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64:339-351. PMID 29760253 — tags: [guideline, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Seppala LJ, et al. Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: II. Psychotropics. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19:371.e11-371.e17. PMID 29402652 — tags: [meta-analysis, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Bonnet U, et al. How addictive are gabapentin and pregabalin? A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:1185-1215. PMID 28988943 — tags: [safety, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Laporte S, et al. Bleeding risk under selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacol Res. 2017;118:19-32. PMID 27521835 — tags: [meta-analysis, safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
• Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 2:9-13. PMID 15762814 — tags: [safety] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

Patient experience and advocacy

• Boland M, et al. 'I Wish It Were More Often Told to People Before They Are Prescribed These Medications How Hard It Is to Get Off Them': A Qualitative Descriptive Analysis of Free-Text Responses to a Survey on Reducing and Stopping Psychiatric Medication. Health Expect. 2025;28:e70384. PMID 40790920 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Lui JC, et al. Barriers and facilitators to help-seeking for common mental disorders among university students: a systematic review. J Am Coll Health. 2024;72:2605-2613. PMID 36084266 — tags: [patient-voice, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Mahmood R, et al. The lived experience of withdrawal from Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: A qualitative interview study. Health Expect. 2024;27:e13966. PMID 39102706 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Saeed Q, et al. Lived experiences of mothers with postnatal anxiety: a qualitative phenomenology study from Pakistan. BMJ Open. 2024;14:e078203. PMID 38772885 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Fisher K, et al. Men's anxiety: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:688-702. PMID 34517242 — tags: [patient-voice, systematic-review] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Hurtado MM, et al. 'I have anxiety, but I have values and preferences' Experiences of users with generalized anxiety disorder: A qualitative study. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2020;29:521-530. PMID 31908140 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Oh S, et al. Exploring women's experiences of identifying, negotiating and managing perinatal anxiety: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e040731. PMID 33380483 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Parker D, et al. Patients' experiences of seeking help for emotional concerns in primary care: doctor as drug, detective and collaborator. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21:35. PMID 32059636 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Woodgate RL, et al. The experience of the self in Canadian youth living with anxiety: A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228193. PMID 32004336 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Ali E. Women's experiences with postpartum anxiety disorders: a narrative literature review. Int J Womens Health. 2018;10:237-249. PMID 29881312 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Bandelow B, et al. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:327-35. PMID 26487813 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/patient-voice/organizations.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
• Kessler RC, et al. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617-27. PMID 15939839 — tags: [patient-voice] — cited by: literature/BIBLIOGRAPHY.md, literature/statistics/STATISTICS.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md

Records added by independent audit — 2026-09-02

• Zimmermann M, et al. Comparing the effect of two systems-level interventions on perinatal generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2024;6:101426. PMID 38992743 — tags: [perinatal, implementation, trials] — cited by: special-populations.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Bandelow B, et al. The German Guidelines for the treatment of anxiety disorders: first revision. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272:571-582. PMID 34609587 — tags: [guidelines] — cited by: guidelines.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Domschke K, et al. The definition of treatment resistance in anxiety disorders: a Delphi method-based consensus guideline. World Psychiatry. 2024;23:113-123. PMID 38214637 — tags: [treatment-resistance, guidelines] — cited by: treatment-resistant-gad.md, guidelines.md, literature/guidelines/REGISTRY.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Stallwood EM, et al. Developing a core outcome set for generalized anxiety disorder during the perinatal period: Identifying core treatment outcomes in perinatal anxiety. Br J Clin Psychol. 2026. PMID 42003419 — tags: [outcomes, perinatal] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Saunders R, et al. Measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 across males and females seeking treatment for common mental health disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:298. PMID 37118684 — tags: [measurement] — cited by: screening-and-measurement.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Stephenson C, et al. Comparing the efficacy of electronic cognitive behavioral therapy to medication and combination therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a quasi-experimental clinical trial. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1194955. PMID 38125282 — tags: [patient-preference, digital, comparative-effectiveness] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Llorca PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 3-month double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1020-1027. PMID 12444816 — tags: [pharmacotherapy, antihistamine] — cited by: pregabalin-benzodiazepines-and-others.md
• Tinoco-González D, et al. Conditioned Fear Acquisition and Generalization in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behav Ther. 2015;46:627-639. PMID 26459843 — tags: [mechanism, fear-generalization] — cited by: mechanism-and-models.md
• Toledo-Chávarri A, et al. Framing the process in the implementation of care for people with generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21:237. PMID 33218311 — tags: [patient-voice, primary-care] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Inness BE, et al. Problematic behaviours associated with generalized anxiety disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A thematic analysis. Psychol Psychother. 2022;95:921-938. PMID 35716017 — tags: [patient-voice, perinatal] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Marcus M, et al. Client experiences of motivational interviewing for generalized anxiety disorder: a qualitative analysis. Psychother Res. 2011;21:447-461. PMID 21644188 — tags: [patient-voice, psychotherapy] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md
• Aucoin M, et al. Participant Experience in a Study of Dietary Counselling plus Omega-3 Supplementation for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Women: A Focus Group Study. Neuropsychobiology. 2026;85:141-155. PMID 41587136 — tags: [patient-voice, nutrition] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, literature/patient-voice/sources.md, literature/patient-voice/themes.md, OPEN-QUESTIONS.md