COPD master bibliography¶

Last curated: 2026-09-02

Each PMID below was retrieved live from PubMed E-utilities during this build. Page reference lists remain the authoritative map for individual claims.

Definition, diagnosis and epidemiology¶

Christenson SA, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2022. PMID 35533707 — tags: [overview, definition] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, overview.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Ho T, et al. Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD: a global perspective. Breathe. 2019. PMID 30838057 — tags: [diagnosis, misclassification] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md
Vestbo J, et al. GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013. PMID 22878278 — tags: [diagnosis, guideline] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, guidelines.md
Haynes JM. Pulmonary function testing in COPD diagnosis and management. Respir Care. 2023. PMID 37353330 — tags: [spirometry] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Frith PA, et al. Detecting COPD using micro-spirometry and/or questionnaire. Respirology. 2020. PMID 31950588 — tags: [case-finding] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Haroon SM, et al. Effectiveness of case-finding strategies for COPD: systematic review/meta-analysis. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2015. PMID 26313400 — tags: [case-finding] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Preteroti M, et al. Population-based case-finding for undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J. 2020. PMID 32299864 — tags: [case-finding] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Alotaibi N, et al. RADICALS case-finding approaches. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023. PMID 37492489 — tags: [case-finding] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Li Y, et al. Early states of COPD: PRISm, pre-COPD, young and mild COPD. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2025. PMID 40624819 — tags: [early-copd] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Adeloye D, et al. Global prevalence and risk factors for COPD in 2019. Lancet Respir Med. 2022. PMID 35279265 — tags: [prevalence, global] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md
Safiri S, et al. COPD burden and attributable risks in 204 countries, 1990–2019. BMJ. 2022. PMID 35896191 — tags: [gbd, burden] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Chronic-respiratory prevalence and burden, 1990–2017. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. PMID 32526187 — tags: [gbd] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
GBD 2019 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Collaborators. Global burden, 1990–2019. EClinicalMedicine. 2023. PMID 37229504 — tags: [gbd] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md
Boers E, et al. Global burden of COPD through 2050. JAMA Netw Open. 2023. PMID 38060225 — tags: [projection] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Salvi SS, et al. COPD in non-smokers. Lancet. 2009. PMID 19716966 — tags: [never-smoker] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Yang IA, et al. COPD in never-smokers. Lancet Respir Med. 2022. PMID 35427530 — tags: [never-smoker] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md

Structure, inflammation and biomarkers¶

Barnes PJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in COPD. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016. PMID 27373322 — tags: [inflammation] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md
Barnes PJ. Inflammatory endotypes in COPD. Allergy. 2019. PMID 30834543 — tags: [endotypes] — cited by: not currently cited by a wiki page (retained for provenance)
Elbehairy AF, et al. Advances in COPD imaging using CT and MRI. Eur Respir J. 2024. PMID 38548292 — tags: [ct, mri] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, overview.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Verleden SE, et al. Small-airway disease in pre-COPD with emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024. PMID 38055196 — tags: [small-airways, pre-copd] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Welling JBA, et al. Dynamics of hyperinflation. Respirology. 2023. PMID 37039738 — tags: [hyperinflation] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Angelini ED, et al. CT emphysema subtypes by machine learning. Thorax. 2023. PMID 37268414 — tags: [ct, machine-learning] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Kheradmand F, et al. Adaptive immunity in human COPD and experimental emphysema. Physiol Rev. 2023. PMID 36201635 — tags: [adaptive-immunity] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Rojas-Quintero J, et al. Spatial transcriptomics in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024. PMID 37934672 — tags: [spatial-transcriptomics] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
David B, et al. Eosinophilic inflammation: marker to treatable trait. Thorax. 2021. PMID 33122447 — tags: [eosinophils] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, guidelines.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Yun JH, et al. Blood-eosinophil thresholds and exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018. PMID 29709670 — tags: [eosinophils] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Christenson SA. COPD phenotyping. Respir Care. 2023. PMID 37353326 — tags: [phenotypes] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md

Genetics and exposures¶

Regan EA, et al. COPDGene study design. COPD. 2010. PMID 20214461 — tags: [cohort, genetics, imaging] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md, overview.md
Silverman EK. Genetics of COPD. Annu Rev Physiol. 2020. PMID 31730394 — tags: [gwas, genetics] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Greene CM, et al. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016. PMID 27465791 — tags: [aatd] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Miravitlles M, et al. ERS statement on AATD. Eur Respir J. 2017. PMID 29191952 — tags: [aatd, guideline] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md, overview.md
Fraughen DD, et al. Augmentation therapy and survival in severe AATD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. PMID 37624745 — tags: [aatd, augmentation] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Anthonisen NR, et al. Smoking intervention and 14.5-year mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005. PMID 15710956 — tags: [smoking-cessation, landmark] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Kurmi OP, et al. Solid-fuel indoor air pollution and COPD: meta-analysis. Thorax. 2010. PMID 20335290 — tags: [biomass] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Pathak U, et al. Biomass cooking fuel and COPD: meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res. 2020. PMID 30754998 — tags: [biomass] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md

Stable therapy and exacerbations¶

Wedzicha JA, et al. FLAME: indacaterol–glycopyrronium versus salmeterol–fluticasone. N Engl J Med. 2016. PMID 27181606 — tags: [laba-lama, flame, landmark] — cited by: overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Lipson DA, et al. IMPACT single-inhaler triple therapy. N Engl J Med. 2018. PMID 29668352 — tags: [triple-therapy, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Rabe KF, et al. ETHOS triple therapy. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID 32579807 — tags: [triple-therapy] — cited by: overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Zhang Q, et al. Pneumonia risk with different inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients: a meta-analysis. COPD. 2020. PMID 32643439 — tags: [ics, pneumonia] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, guidelines.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Chapman KR, et al. SUNSET ICS withdrawal. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018. PMID 29779416 — tags: [ics-withdrawal] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Hurst JR, et al. Susceptibility to COPD exacerbation. N Engl J Med. 2010. PMID 20843247 — tags: [exacerbations, landmark] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Albert RK, et al. Azithromycin to prevent COPD exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2011. PMID 21864166 — tags: [macrolide] — cited by: overview.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Wedzicha JA, et al. ERS/ATS exacerbation guideline. Eur Respir J. 2017. PMID 28298398 — tags: [guideline, exacerbation] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, guidelines.md
Ramakrishnan S, et al. Eosinophil-guided prednisolone: STARR2. Lancet Respir Med. 2024. PMID 37924830 — tags: [biomarker, acute-steroids] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, guidelines.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md

Rehabilitation, oxygen and procedures¶

McCarthy B, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. PMID 25705944 — tags: [rehabilitation, landmark] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Puhan MA, et al. Rehabilitation after COPD exacerbations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. PMID 27930803 — tags: [post-exacerbation-rehab] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen in hypoxemic COPD. Ann Intern Med. 1980. PMID 6776858 — tags: [oxygen, landmark] — cited by: overview.md, oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md
Albert RK, et al. Long-term oxygen for moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med. 2016. PMID 27783918 — tags: [oxygen, lott, landmark] — cited by: guidelines.md, overview.md, oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Murphy PB, et al. HOT-HMV home NIV plus oxygen. JAMA. 2017. PMID 28528348 — tags: [home-niv, landmark] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, overview.md, oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md
Criner GJ, et al. LIBERATE Zephyr valve trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018. PMID 29787288 — tags: [valve, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md, overview.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Shah PL, et al. Lung volume reduction for emphysema. Lancet Respir Med. 2017. PMID 27693408 — tags: [lvrs, valves] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md

Biologics, trials, outcomes and patient experience¶

Pavord ID, et al. Mepolizumab for eosinophilic COPD. N Engl J Med. 2017. PMID 28893134 — tags: [biologic, il5] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Bhatt SP, et al. Dupilumab for COPD with type-2 inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2023. PMID 37272521 — tags: [dupilumab, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md
Bhatt SP, et al. Dupilumab replication in eosinophilic COPD. N Engl J Med. 2024. PMID 38767614 — tags: [dupilumab] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Keam SJ. Ensifentrine: first approval. Drugs. 2024. PMID 39196510 — tags: [ensifentrine] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Afroz N, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in COPD trials. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020. PMID 32801678 — tags: [pro] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, overview.md
Woo S, et al. COPD-related Stigma Scale development. Heart Lung. 2023. PMID 37084465 — tags: [stigma] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Maddocks M, et al. Palliative care and troublesome symptoms in COPD. Lancet. 2017. PMID 28872031 — tags: [palliative-care] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Ekström M, et al. BEAMS morphine trial. JAMA. 2022. PMID 36413230 — tags: [breathlessness, morphine] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Halpin DMG, et al. Mortality of patients with COPD. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2024. PMID 39078244 — tags: [mortality, comorbidity] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md

Additional cited records¶

Evidence-base widening pass (2026-09-02)¶

Stolz D, et al. Towards the elimination of COPD: a Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2022. PMID 36075255 — tags: [etiotypes, prevention, commission] — cited by: overview.md
Bui DS, et al. Childhood respiratory risk-factor profiles and middle-age lung function. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018. PMID 29894209 — tags: [life-course, childhood] — cited by: overview.md
Tang Z, et al. Broadband three-dimensional impulse oscillometry in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021. PMID 33574662 — tags: [oscillometry, diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Kirby M, et al. Total airway count on CT and risk of COPD progression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018. PMID 28886252 — tags: [ct, airway-count, progression] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Adeloye D, et al. An estimate of COPD prevalence in Africa. COPD. 2015. PMID 24946179 — tags: [africa, prevalence] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Allwood BW, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic airflow obstruction. Respiration. 2013. PMID 23652030 — tags: [tuberculosis, airflow-obstruction] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Wyszkiewicz PV, et al. Reduced total airway count and airway-wall tapering after three years in ex-smokers. COPD. 2023. PMID 37395048 — tags: [airway-count, longitudinal] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Wu F, et al. Total airway count and lung-function decline in early COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2021. PMID 34984001 — tags: [airway-count, early-copd] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Wang Z, et al. Inflammatory-endotype-associated airway microbiome in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021. PMID 33332995 — tags: [microbiome, endotype, longitudinal] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Meldrum OW, et al. Accelerated lung-function decline and mucus–microbe evolution in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024. PMID 38315959 — tags: [mucus, microbiome, decline] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Terzikhan N, et al. Heritability and genome-wide association study of diffusing capacity. Eur Respir J. 2018. PMID 30049742 — tags: [gwas, dlco] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
van der Plaat DA, et al. FEV1/FVC GWAS in never-smokers identifies HHIP and FAM13A. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017. PMID 27612410 — tags: [gwas, never-smoker] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Borup H, et al. COPD and construction workers: systematic review. Occup Med (Lond). 2017. PMID 28204712 — tags: [occupation, construction] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Martinez FJ, et al. Roflumilast added to ICS/LABA in RE2SPOND. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016. PMID 27585384 — tags: [roflumilast, negative-trial] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Martinez FJ, et al. Determinants of response to roflumilast. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018. PMID 29763572 — tags: [roflumilast, subgroup] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Vollenweider DJ, et al. Antibiotics for COPD exacerbations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID 30371937 — tags: [antibiotics, exacerbation] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Walters JA, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for COPD exacerbations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID 29553157 — tags: [corticosteroid, duration] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Jones AW, et al. Interventions to improve pulmonary-rehabilitation uptake and completion in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2017. PMID 28154821 — tags: [rehabilitation, implementation] — cited by: pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Frei A, et al. Long-term home exercise after pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest. 2022. PMID 35952766 — tags: [maintenance, exercise, randomized] — cited by: pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Khor YH, et al. Post-hospitalization short-term oxygen therapy. Respir Care. 2019. PMID 30401753 — tags: [oxygen, reassessment] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md
Orr JE, et al. Clinician summary: long-term NIV in stable hypercapnic COPD. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021. PMID 33326340 — tags: [niv, guideline] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md
Herth FJ, et al. Segmental thermal-vapor ablation in severe emphysema: STEP-UP. Lancet Respir Med. 2016. PMID 26899390 — tags: [vapor-ablation, randomized] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Lahzami S, et al. Survival impact of lung transplantation for COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010. PMID 19996194 — tags: [transplant, survival] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Wen Y, et al. Coexistence of COPD or asthma in bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2026. PMID 42321713 — tags: [bronchiectasis, overlap] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Marin JM, et al. Outcomes in COPD and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010. PMID 20378728 — tags: [sleep-apnea, cpap, mortality] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Keller TL, et al. Factors associated with outpatient COPD care quality. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2022. PMID 34915603 — tags: [guideline, implementation] — cited by: guidelines.md
Issac H, et al. Electronic interdisciplinary COPD proforma for emergency guideline adherence. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2022. PMID 35573657 — tags: [guideline, implementation, delphi] — cited by: guidelines.md
Rosenberg SR, et al. Biomarkers in COPD. Transl Res. 2012. PMID 22424427 — tags: [biomarker, validation] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md
Arjomandi M, et al. Phenotypes and trajectories of tobacco-exposed persons with preserved spirometry. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2025. PMID 39586032 — tags: [pre-copd, lung-volumes] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md
Duarte-de-Araújo AN, et al. How can COPD randomized-trial evidence apply to everyday patients? Pulmonology. 2022. PMID 32169297 — tags: [trial, generalizability] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
Umer M, et al. Underrepresentation of women in COPD pharmacologic trials. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2026. PMID 41773232 — tags: [trial, sex, representation] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
Johansson H, et al. Caregiver burden among next of kin to a person with severe COPD. Chron Respir Dis. 2023. PMID 37042067 — tags: [caregiver, qualitative] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Mooren K, et al. Perspectives of oxygen-naïve COPD patients on long-term oxygen use. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023. PMID 36883015 — tags: [oxygen, patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Jørgensen KH, et al. Risk factors for pneumothorax after endobronchial valves. Respirology. 2025. PMID 40442057 — tags: [pneumothorax, valve, safety] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Hemenway AN, et al. Evaluation of corticosteroid dose in acute COPD exacerbation. Hosp Pharm. 2017. PMID 29276287 — tags: [corticosteroid, hyperglycemia, safety] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
McGarvey LP, et al. Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee. Thorax. 2007. PMID 17311843 — tags: [mortality, adjudication] — cited by: overview.md
Vestbo J, et al. Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in COPD with heightened cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2016. PMID 27203508 — tags: [summit, mortality] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Lai CC, et al. Single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy and mortality in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Life (Basel). 2022. PMID 35207460 — tags: [triple-therapy, mortality, pneumonia] — cited by: overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Chaiwong W, et al. Diagnostic ability of impulse oscillometry in diagnosis of COPD. COPD. 2020. PMID 33121279 — tags: [diagnosis, oscillometry] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Chen KY, et al. Impulse oscillometry and its independent role in the diagnosis of COPD. Heliyon. 2024. PMID 38187302 — tags: [diagnosis, oscillometry] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Klitgaard A, et al. Impulse oscillometry as a diagnostic test for pulmonary emphysema. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID 36836082 — tags: [diagnosis, emphysema, oscillometry] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Menezes AM, et al. Prevalence of COPD and associated factors: the PLATINO Study in São Paulo. Cad Saude Publica. 2005. PMID 16158163 — tags: [prevalence, platino] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Ivey MA, et al. COPD in never-smokers: BOLD Australia Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2024. PMID 38249822 — tags: [never-smoker, prevalence] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Horner A, et al. Altitude and COPD prevalence: PREPOCOL-PLATINO-BOLD-EPI-SCAN analysis. Respir Res. 2017. PMID 28835234 — tags: [prevalence, altitude, underdiagnosis] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Basil MC, et al. Human distal airways contain a multipotent secretory cell that can regenerate alveoli. Nature. 2022. PMID 35355013 — tags: [repair, distal-airway, progenitor] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Booth S, et al. A single-cell atlas of small-airway disease in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. PMID 37406359 — tags: [single-cell, terminal-bronchiole] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Bodduluri S, et al. Airway tapering in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2024. PMID 39326917 — tags: [ct, airway-remodeling, prognosis] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Keir HR, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in chronic lung disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2022. PMID 35197267 — tags: [nets, neutrophil] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Katsoulis O, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote virus-induced COPD exacerbations. Nat Commun. 2024. PMID 38982052 — tags: [nets, virus, exacerbation] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Wang L, et al. The bidirectional gut–lung axis in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. PMID 36883945 — tags: [microbiome, gut-lung] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Shrine N, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses of lung function and COPD risk. Nat Genet. 2023. PMID 36914875 — tags: [gwas, ancestry] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Higbee DH, et al. Genome-wide association study of preserved-ratio impaired spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2024. PMID 38097206 — tags: [gwas, prism] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Gøtzsche PC, et al. Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for AATD lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. PMID 27644166 — tags: [aatd, augmentation, controversy] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Li MH, et al. Short-term ambient fine particulate matter exposure, COPD hospitalizations and mortality. Chest. 2016. PMID 26111257 — tags: [pm2.5, hospitalization, mortality] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Sadhra S, et al. Occupational COPD and job-exposure matrices. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017. PMID 28260879 — tags: [occupation, exposure-assessment] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Chen P, et al. Secondhand-smoke exposure and COPD risk. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023. PMID 37309392 — tags: [secondhand-smoke, risk] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Chalmers JD, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: an ERS guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020. PMID 32366483 — tags: [guideline, ics-withdrawal] — cited by: guidelines.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Mathioudakis AG, et al. Procalcitonin to guide antibiotic administration in COPD exacerbations. Eur Respir Rev. 2017. PMID 28143877 — tags: [procalcitonin, antibiotics] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
van Velzen P, et al. Doxycycline for outpatient-treated COPD exacerbations. Lancet Respir Med. 2017. PMID 28483402 — tags: [antibiotic, negative-trial] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Waeijen-Smit K, et al. Global mortality and readmission after COPD exacerbation hospitalization. ERJ Open Res. 2024. PMID 38410700 — tags: [exacerbation, mortality, readmission] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Cox NS, et al. Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PMID 33511633 — tags: [telerehabilitation, completion] — cited by: pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Michaelchuk W, et al. Home-based telehealth pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD. Int J Med Inform. 2022. PMID 35395474 — tags: [telerehabilitation, equity] — cited by: pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
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Deepening additions — 2026-08-30¶

Epidemiology, diagnosis and life course¶

Buist AS, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007. PMID 17765523 — tags: [prevalence, bold, spirometry] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Menezes AM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005. PMID 16310554 — tags: [prevalence, platino, latin-america] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Lange P, et al. Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2015. PMID 26154786 — tags: [life-course, trajectory, landmark] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md, overview.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Marott JL, et al. Lung function trajectories leading to COPD as predictors of exacerbations and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020. PMID 32289231 — tags: [trajectory, prognosis] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, overview.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Wang Y, et al. Predicted lower limit of normal reduces misclassification risk of airflow limitation in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Chin Med J. 2013. PMID 24034095 — tags: [spirometry, lln, misclassification] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, guidelines.md, overview.md
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016. PMID 27046365 — tags: [screening, guideline] — cited by: not currently cited by a wiki page (retained for provenance)
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022. PMID 35536260 — tags: [screening, guideline] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, guidelines.md
Blanc PD, et al. The occupational burden of nonmalignant respiratory diseases: an official ATS/ERS statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019. PMID 31149852 — tags: [occupation, attributable-risk, statement] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Frazer K, et al. Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. PMID 26842828 — tags: [secondhand-smoke, policy, prevention] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md

Structure, inflammation, biomarkers and genetics¶

McDonough JE, et al. Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011. PMID 22029978 — tags: [terminal-bronchioles, micro-ct, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, overview.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md, smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Diaz AA, et al. Airway-occluding mucus plugs and mortality in patients with COPD. JAMA. 2023. PMID 37210745 — tags: [mucus-plugs, ct, mortality] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Radicioni G, et al. Airway mucin MUC5AC and MUC5B concentrations and the initiation and progression of COPD: SPIROMICS. Lancet Respir Med. 2021. PMID 34058148 — tags: [mucins, mucus, spiromics] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Agustí A, et al. Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype. PLoS One. 2012. PMID 22624038 — tags: [systemic-inflammation, eclipse, prognosis] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md
Celli B, et al. Markers of disease activity in COPD: an 8-year mortality study in the ECLIPSE cohort. Eur Respir J. 2021. PMID 33303557 — tags: [eclipse, disease-activity, mortality] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Cho MH, et al. Risk loci for COPD: a genome-wide association study and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2014. PMID 24621683 — tags: [gwas, genetics] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Ragland MF, et al. Genetic advances in COPD: insights from COPDGene. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019. PMID 30908940 — tags: [genetics, copdgene] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Fuehner T, et al. Lung transplantation after endoscopic lung volume reduction. Respiration. 2015. PMID 26138023 — tags: [transplant, valves] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
van de Bool C, et al. Targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017. PMID 28608438 — tags: [nutrition, rehabilitation, sarcopenia] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Joksaitė S, et al. Single- versus multiple-inhaler triple-therapy adherence and persistence in COPD. BMJ Open. 2024. PMID 39632104 — tags: [adherence, inhalers] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Miravitlles M, et al. Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC) 2021: updated pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022. PMID 33840553 — tags: [guideline, Spain, pharmacotherapy] — cited by: not currently cited by a wiki page (retained for provenance)
Soler-Cataluña JJ, et al. Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC) 2021 update: diagnosis and treatment of COPD exacerbation syndrome. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022. PMID 34172340 — tags: [guideline, Spain, exacerbation] — cited by: not currently cited by a wiki page (retained for provenance)
Buttery S, et al. Lung volume reduction surgery versus endobronchial valves: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2023. PMID 36796833 — tags: [valves, lvrs, comparative-effectiveness] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Chapman KR, et al. Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID). Lancet. 2015. PMID 26026936 — tags: [aatd, augmentation, ct-density, landmark] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md

Stable treatment, exacerbations and rehabilitation¶

Tashkin DP, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008. PMID 18836213 — tags: [tiotropium, uplift, landmark] — cited by: overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Vogelmeier C, et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011. PMID 21428765 — tags: [poet-copd, exacerbation, bronchodilator] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Magnussen H, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014. PMID 25196117 — tags: [wisdom, ics-withdrawal] — cited by: guidelines.md, overview.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Leuppi JD, et al. Short-term versus conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute COPD exacerbations: REDUCE. JAMA. 2013. PMID 23695200 — tags: [acute-steroids, duration, landmark] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, guidelines.md, overview.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Sivapalan P, et al. Eosinophil-guided corticosteroid therapy in hospitalized COPD exacerbations: CORTICO-COP. Lancet Respir Med. 2019. PMID 31122894 — tags: [acute-steroids, eosinophils, biomarker] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Anzueto A, et al. Ensifentrine in COPD: randomized phase III ENHANCE trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. PMID 37364283 — tags: [ensifentrine, pde3-4, phase-3] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, guidelines.md, stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Holland AE, et al. Home-based rehabilitation for COPD using minimal resources: a randomized controlled equivalence trial. Thorax. 2017. PMID 27672116 — tags: [pulmonary-rehabilitation, home, equivalence] — cited by: guidelines.md, overview.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Bourbeau J, et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in COPD: a disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med. 2003. PMID 12622605 — tags: [self-management, hospitalization] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md

Oxygen, ventilation and procedures¶

MRC Working Party. Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet. 1981. PMID 6110912 — tags: [oxygen, survival, landmark] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Köhnlein T, et al. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation for severe stable COPD: a randomized trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2014. PMID 25066329 — tags: [home-niv, hypercapnia, survival] — cited by: guidelines.md, overview.md, oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Fishman A, et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med. 2003. PMID 12759479 — tags: [nett, lvrs, landmark] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Kemp SV, et al. A multicenter randomized trial of Zephyr endobronchial-valve treatment in heterogeneous emphysema (TRANSFORM). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017. PMID 28885054 — tags: [valves, transform, pneumothorax] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Perch M, et al. ISHLT thirty-ninth adult lung-transplantation report: focus on COPD. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2022. PMID 36050206 — tags: [transplant, registry] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md

Comorbidity, outcomes and patient experience¶

Celli BR, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2004. PMID 14999112 — tags: [bode, prognosis, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Divo M, et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012. PMID 22561964 — tags: [cote, comorbidity, mortality] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Kunisaki KM, et al. Exacerbations of COPD and cardiac events: a SUMMIT analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018. PMID 29442524 — tags: [cardiovascular, exacerbation, summit] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, exacerbations-and-acute-care.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Chen YW, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for osteoporosis in individuals with COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2019. PMID 31352034 — tags: [osteoporosis, meta-analysis] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Hanlon P, et al. Frailty in COPD: prevalence, trajectories and clinical outcomes. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2023. PMID 36604427 — tags: [frailty, meta-analysis] — cited by: not currently cited by a wiki page (retained for provenance)
Wang L, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of frailty in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2023. PMID 37173728 — tags: [frailty, mortality, meta-analysis] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md, pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Bekelman DB, et al. Nurse and social-worker palliative telecare and quality of life in COPD, heart failure or interstitial lung disease: ADAPT. JAMA. 2024. PMID 38227034 — tags: [palliative-care, telecare, quality-of-life] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md

Contemporary biologics¶

Criner GJ, et al. Benralizumab for the prevention of COPD exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2019. PMID 31112385 — tags: [benralizumab, il5r, negative-trial] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, guidelines.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md
Singh D, et al. Tezepelumab versus placebo in moderate-to-very-severe COPD (COURSE): phase 2a trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2025. PMID 39653044 — tags: [tezepelumab, tslp, course] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Sciurba FC, et al. Mepolizumab to prevent exacerbations of COPD with an eosinophilic phenotype. N Engl J Med. 2025. PMID 40305712 — tags: [mepolizumab, matinee, phase-3] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md, guidelines.md, inflammation-and-endotypes.md, overview.md

Evidence-base widening additions — 2026-09-02¶

Diagnosis, epidemiology and disease framing¶

Aaron SD, et al. Early Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD and Asthma - A Randomized, Controlled Trial. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:2061-2073. PMID 38767248 — tags: [case-finding, randomized, early-diagnosis] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md, overview.md
Bhatt SP, et al. Discriminative Accuracy of FEV1:FVC Thresholds for COPD-Related Hospitalization and Mortality. JAMA. 2019;321:2438-2447. PMID 31237643 — tags: [spirometry, fixed-ratio, outcomes] — cited by: diagnosis-spirometry-and-case-finding.md
Zhong N, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a large, population-based survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:753-760. PMID 17575095 — tags: [prevalence, China, spirometry] — cited by: epidemiology-and-global-burden.md
Zatloukal J, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - diagnosis and management of stable disease; a personalized approach to care, using the treatable traits concept based on clinical phenotypes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2020;164:325-356. PMID 33325455 — tags: [guideline, Czechia, treatable-traits] — cited by: guidelines.md, overview.md

Structure, inflammation, genetics and biomarkers¶

Vasilescu DM, et al. Noninvasive Imaging Biomarker Identifies Small Airway Damage in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:575-581. PMID 30794432 — tags: [small-airways, prm, tissue-validation] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Wang JM, et al. Topologic Parametric Response Mapping Identifies Tissue Subtypes Associated with Emphysema Progression. Acad Radiol. 2024;31:1148-1159. PMID 37661554 — tags: [prm, emphysema-progression, copdgene] — cited by: small-airway-disease-and-emphysema.md
Bouquet J, et al. Microbial burden and viral exacerbations in a longitudinal multicenter COPD cohort. Respir Res. 2020;21:77. PMID 32228581 — tags: [microbiome, virus, exacerbation] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Dicker AJ, et al. The sputum microbiome, airway inflammation, and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147:158-167. PMID 32353489 — tags: [microbiome, proteobacteria, mortality] — cited by: inflammation-and-endotypes.md
Parker MM, et al. Identification of an emphysema-associated genetic variant near TGFB2 with regulatory effects in lung fibroblasts. eLife. 2019;8:e42720. PMID 31343404 — tags: [genetics, tgfb2, functional-variant] — cited by: genetics-and-alpha-1-antitrypsin.md
Zuur-Telgen MC, et al. Predicting Mortality in COPD with Validated and Sensitive Biomarkers; Fibrinogen and Mid-Range-Proadrenomedullin. COPD. 2021;18:643-649. PMID 34886719 — tags: [fibrinogen, mr-proadm, prediction] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md
Oelsner EC, et al. Prognostic Significance of Large Airway Dimensions on Computed Tomography in the General Population: The MESA Lung Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:718-727. PMID 29529382 — tags: [ct, pi10, prognosis] — cited by: biomarkers-and-imaging-phenotypes.md

Exposures and stable or acute treatment¶

Ryu JY, et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Vapors, Gases, Dusts, or Fumes: A Meta-analysis. COPD. 2015;12:374-380. PMID 25255043 — tags: [occupation, vgdf, meta-analysis] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Ye Q, et al. Joint effects of air pollution and diet patterns on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep. 2025;15:13939. PMID 40263431 — tags: [air-pollution, diet, incidence] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Halpin DMG, et al. Systematic review of the effects of patient errors using inhaled delivery systems on clinical outcomes in COPD. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2024;11:e002211. PMID 38626929 — tags: [inhaler, technique, adherence] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Chen H, et al. Association of Inhaled Corticosteroids With All-Cause Mortality Risk in Patients With COPD: A Meta-analysis of 60 Randomized Controlled Trials. Chest. 2023;163:100-114. PMID 35921883 — tags: [ics, mortality, meta-analysis] — cited by: stable-inhaled-therapy.md
Singh JM, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2527-2536. PMID 12456224 — tags: [exacerbation, systemic-steroids, historical-evidence] — cited by: exacerbations-and-acute-care.md
Ryrsø CK, et al. Lower mortality after early supervised pulmonary rehabilitation following COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18:154. PMID 30219047 — tags: [rehabilitation, post-exacerbation, mortality] — cited by: pulmonary-rehabilitation-and-self-management.md
Eaton T, et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life of COPD patients: a randomised controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:306-312. PMID 12212960 — tags: [ambulatory-oxygen, quality-of-life, acceptability] — cited by: oxygen-and-ventilatory-support.md

Procedures, comorbidity and implementation¶

Gompelmann D, et al. Lung Volume Reduction with Vapor Ablation in the Presence of Incomplete Fissures: 12-Month Results from STEP-UP. Respiration. 2016;92:397-403. PMID 27838692 — tags: [vapor-ablation, collateral-ventilation, step-up] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Sciurba FC, et al. Effect of Endobronchial Coils vs Usual Care on Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The RENEW Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2178-2189. PMID 27179849 — tags: [coils, renew, randomized] — cited by: emphysema-procedures-and-transplant.md
Dransfield MT, et al. Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2304-2314. PMID 31633896 — tags: [beta-blocker, exacerbation, negative-trial] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
González J, et al. Impact of obstructive lung disease/emphysema on lung-cancer mortality risk in screening programs: an analysis of NLST and P-IELCAP. Arch Bronconeumol. 2024;60:559-564. PMID 38825431 — tags: [lung-cancer, screening, prognosis] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Tzouvelekis A, et al. Real World Study on the Reasons for Escalation or De-Escalation of Inhaled Therapies in COPD: STEPINCOPD. COPD. 2024;21:2427755. PMID 39560105 — tags: [guideline, implementation, inhaled-therapy] — cited by: guidelines.md

Trial landscape, safety and patient experience¶

Rabe KF, et al. Safety and efficacy of itepekimab in moderate-to-severe COPD: a genetic association study and randomized phase 2a trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:1288-1298. PMID 34302758 — tags: [itepekimab, il33, negative-trial] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
Yousuf AJ, et al. Astegolimab, an anti-ST2, in COPD: a phase 2a placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10:469-477. PMID 35339234 — tags: [astegolimab, st2, negative-trial] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
Tavares N, et al. Patient-Centered Discussions About Disease Progression, Symptom, and Treatment Burden in COPD: A Multimethod Approach. J Palliat Med. 2023;26:353-359. PMID 36251863 — tags: [patient-experience, communication, palliative-care] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Svedsater H, et al. Life Impact and Treatment Preferences of Individuals with Asthma and COPD: Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1466-1481. PMID 28536998 — tags: [patient-experience, stigma, treatment-goals] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
Han W, et al. Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thromboembolism in Acute COPD Exacerbation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:732855. PMID 35355978 — tags: [pulmonary-embolism, dvt, acute-care] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Pavasini R, et al. Cardiac troponin elevation predicts all-cause mortality in acute COPD exacerbation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2015;191:187-193. PMID 25965630 — tags: [troponin, mortality, acute-care] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

Independent-audit additions — 2026-09-02¶

Records added by the independent audit to replace stale absence statements with positively-stated evidence. Each was retrieved live from PubMed E-utilities during that audit.

Novel nicotine exposure¶

Shabil M, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use and risk of COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2025;35:31. PMID 40624045 — tags: [e-cigarette, exposure, meta-analysis] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Song C, et al. The impact of electronic cigarette use on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2025;239:107985. PMID 39921069 — tags: [e-cigarette, exposure, meta-analysis] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md
Spicuzza L, et al. Reassessing the link between e-cigarette use and COPD: addressing critical methodological and conceptual flaws. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2025;35:48. PMID 41188266 — tags: [e-cigarette, confounding, critique] — cited by: smoking-pollution-and-occupational-risk.md

Safety, comorbidity and implementation¶

Mai V, et al. Derivation and validation of a COPD-specific pulmonary embolism diagnostic strategy. Thromb Haemost. 2026;126:509-517. PMID 40639822 — tags: [pulmonary-embolism, diagnostic-strategy, red-flags] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Tse G, et al. A long-term study of adverse outcomes associated with oral corticosteroid use in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023;18:2565-2580. PMID 38022830 — tags: [corticosteroid, cumulative-dose, safety] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
Hohlfeld JM, et al. Effect of lung deflation with indacaterol plus glycopyrronium on ventricular filling in patients with hyperinflation and COPD (CLAIM): a double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6:368-378. PMID 29477448 — tags: [hyperinflation, cardiac, mechanism] — cited by: comorbidity-and-systemic-effects.md
Mathioudakis AG, et al. ERS statement: a core outcome set for clinical trials evaluating the management of COPD exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2022;59:2102006. PMID 34649975 — tags: [outcomes, guideline, core-outcome-set] — cited by: guidelines.md