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Type 2 diabetes — master index

Last curated: 2026-08-30 · status: audited

Audit snapshot: 16/16 canonical wiki pages passed and are curated; 246 unique live-verified PMIDs in the bibliography; 32–50 distinct PMIDs per wiki page; 6 landmark paper notes with exact cited-by mappings; 15 current/superseded guideline records; 12 ClinicalTrials.gov registrations re-verified live; statistics and patient-voice layers audited.

The condition in five sentences. Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder in which insulin resistance and insufficient β-cell compensation produce chronic hyperglycaemia, affecting an estimated 536.6 million adults aged 20–79 years in 2021 (Sun 2022, PMID 34879977). Its treatment goals now extend beyond glucose: SGLT2 inhibitors prevent heart-failure and kidney outcomes, while GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce major cardiovascular events and semaglutide has dedicated kidney-outcome evidence (Zinman 2015, PMID 26378978; Perkovic 2024, PMID 38785209). The condition can enter medication-free remission after substantial weight loss, but DiRECT remission declined from 46% at one year to 13% in the five-year extension group (Lean 2018, PMID 29221645; Lean 2024, PMID 38423026). Early-onset disease is particularly aggressive: TODAY documented at least one microvascular complication in 60.1% of participants by mean age 26.4 years (TODAY 2021, PMID 34320286). The central research problem is how to allocate and sustain prevention, remission and organ-protective therapy at population scale without worsening cost, access or stigma.

Start here: overview. Frontier: open questions. Growth history: log.

Reading paths

Orientation

  1. Overview
  2. Epidemiology and burden
  3. Pathophysiology and subtypes
  4. Complications

Prevention and disease reversal

  1. Prevention
  2. Remission and weight management
  3. Metabolic surgery
  4. Biomarkers

Therapeutic evidence

  1. Glycaemic management and legacy trials
  2. Incretin therapies
  3. SGLT2 inhibitors and kidney/heart
  4. Guidelines
  5. Clinical trials landscape

High-risk and human context

  1. Youth-onset T2D
  2. Red flags and safety
  3. Patient experience and advocacy
  4. Open questions

Pages

This table is the canonical page list for the condition.

File Scope Status
overview.md What T2D is, treatment era, remission, burden and map curated
epidemiology-and-burden.md IDF/GBD models, growth, cost, disparities and mortality curated
pathophysiology-and-subtypes.md Insulin resistance, β-cell failure, ectopic fat, clusters and precision status curated
prevention.md DPP/DPPOS, prediabetes definitions, metformin and population prevention curated
remission-and-weight-management.md DiRECT, definition, durability, relapse and pharmacologic normoglycaemia curated
incretin-therapies.md GLP-1/dual agonists, glycaemia, weight, CV/kidney evidence and access curated
sglt2-inhibitors-and-kidney-heart.md CV, HF and CKD trials, mechanisms and DKA safety curated
glycemic-management-and-legacy-trials.md UKPDS, ACCORD/ADVANCE/VADT, GRADE and targets curated
metabolic-surgery.md Procedures, RCTs, mechanisms, selection and long-term harms curated
complications.md Macro/microvascular, HF, MASLD, foot and multimorbidity curated
youth-onset-t2d.md TODAY, rapid progression, treatment gaps and transition curated
guidelines.md ADA/EASD, ADA, NICE, KDIGO, IDF and WHO synthesis curated
biomarkers.md HbA1c, C-peptide, organ markers, clusters, genetics and omics curated
clinical-trials-landscape.md Registrations, outcome-design evolution and pipeline curated
patient-experience-and-advocacy.md Stigma, treatment burden, access and organizations curated
red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md HHS, DKA, hypoglycaemia, foot/eye and drug emergencies curated

Literature layer

Resource Contents Status
BIBLIOGRAPHY.md 246 unique PubMed-verified records with cited-by mapping audited
notes/ UKPDS, DPP, EMPA-REG, DiRECT, CREDENCE and FLOW deep notes 6 audited
guidelines/REGISTRY.md 15 current/superseded records, disagreements and watch list audited
statistics/STATISTICS.md Prevalence, care cascade, burden, prevention, remission, therapy, youth and safety tables audited
patient-voice/README.md Ethics, method, organizations, themes and annotated sources audited
OPEN-QUESTIONS.md 26 stable questions and 22 cross-domain junctions audited

Curation state

The condition is audited. All 16 pages passed claim-to-citation, metadata, reference-use, cited-by mapping, density, heading and local-link checks and are curated. The 2026-08-30 audit re-resolved all 246 current PMIDs through live PubMed E-utilities and all 12 NCT identifiers through the ClinicalTrials.gov v2 API; no unverified flag or substantive unresolved issue remains.