Skip to content

Clinical trials landscape

TL;DR — OA drug-development reviews identify outcome definition, trial setup and placebo response as central challenges; validated biochemical-marker panels may help enrich trials for molecular endotypes, but do not yet prove treatment selection in routine care (Assi 2023, PMID 37067759; Hannani 2024, PMID 38353446).

Decision frame

This page was audited against 30 live-refetched PubMed records on 2026-08-31. It distinguishes evidence about diagnosis or symptoms from evidence about structure and does not treat association as proof of treatment effect.

Audit interpretation safeguards

  • A title establishes what a record studied, not the truth of every topic-adjacent statement.
  • Numerical results are used only when present in the live-fetched abstract or the cited report.
  • Association is not treated as treatment effect, and a protocol is not treated as a completed trial.
  • Systematic reviews inherit heterogeneity in population, intervention, comparator and outcome definition.

Portfolio

Domain What the evidence supports What remains uncertain
Intra-articular development Current development programs target inflammation, structure and pain; reviews identify outcome definition, trial design and placebo response as unresolved challenges. (Assi 2023, PMID 37067759) This landscape review does not establish efficacy for any pipeline agent.
Metabolic therapy Semaglutide reduced weight and knee pain in people with obesity, but its possible disease-modifying role through weight loss requires confirmation. (Dell'Isola 2025, PMID 40914550) The review does not establish structural modification.

Better trials

Domain What the evidence supports What remains uncertain
Enrichment Validated biochemical-marker panels may identify molecular endotypes for therapeutic-trial recruitment. (Hannani 2024, PMID 38353446) Marker-defined recruitment remains a development strategy, not proof of treatment selection in practice.
Outcomes An optimal intra-articular therapy would provide symptom relief while preventing further joint damage; relevant outcome definition remains a trial-design challenge. (Assi 2023, PMID 37067759) No symptom measure is thereby validated as a structural surrogate.

Evidence map

The table catalogs the retrieved studies used to bound this page. A title establishes the paper’s studied question; detailed numerical use requires the abstract or full text.

Study Design signal Evidence contribution Main transfer limit
Assi 2023 (PMID 37067759) review Innovation in Targeted Intra-articular Therapies for Osteoarthritis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Evans 2026 (PMID 41607103) review Osteoarthritis Gene Therapy: A 30-Year Journey From Concept to Clinical Trials. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Heijman 2026 (PMID 41619152) journal study The Potential of Authorised Drugs to be Repurposed for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Grol 2024 (PMID 38199296) review The evolving landscape of gene therapy strategies for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Miller 2018 (PMID 29361112) review What is new in pain modification in osteoarthritis?. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Cai 2021 (PMID 33935742) review New Trends in Pharmacological Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Ehioghae 2024 (PMID 38010488) review Exploring Orthopedic Stem-Cell Approaches for Osteoarthritis Management: Current Trends and Future Horizons. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Duong 2025 (PMID 40174718) meta-analysis Risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Kim 2023 (PMID 37345256) randomized trial Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Knee Osteoart…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Zhu 2025 (PMID 40455462) randomized trial Low-Dose Methotrexate for the Treatment of Inflammatory Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Gregori 2018 (PMID 30575881) network meta-analysis Association of Pharmacological Treatments With Long-term Pain Control in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and …. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Wang 2025 (PMID 41107915) meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analys…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Lee 2025 (PMID 39874108) randomized trial Intra-Articular Injection of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Co…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Dell'Isola 2025 (PMID 40914550) review Osteoarthritis year in review 2025: Epidemiology and therapy. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Hochberg 2019 (PMID 31593273) randomized trial Effect of Intra-Articular Sprifermin vs Placebo on Femorotibial Joint Cartilage Thickness in Patients With Osteoarthritis: The FORWA…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Rabade 2024 (PMID 38581640) meta-analysis Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination regimen in the management of kn…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Chavda 2022 (PMID 35651409) review Role and Effectiveness of Intra-articular Injection of Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Gerwin 2022 (PMID 36456835) randomized trial Angiopoietin-like 3-derivative LNA043 for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis: a randomized phase 1 trial. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Hannani 2024 (PMID 38353446) review From biochemical markers to molecular endotypes of osteoarthritis: a review on validated biomarkers. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Perry 2026 (PMID 42230587) journal study Large-scale molecular endotype discovery in synovial fluid reveals osteoarthritis as a single biological continuum. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Zhong 2026 (PMID 42190498) review Metabolic syndrome-osteoarthritis axis: Beyond mechanical loading toward a cardiometabolic OA phenotype. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Fortuna 2021 (PMID 33827639) protocol Effect of a prebiotic supplement on knee joint function, gut microbiota, and inflammation in adults with co-morbid obesity and knee …. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Del 2025 (PMID 41373603) review A Multidimensional Definition of Pre-Osteoarthritis: Toward 21st-Century Subclinical Detection and Targeted Intervention. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Tachmazidou 2019 (PMID 30664745) journal study Identification of new therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis through genome-wide analyses of UK Biobank data. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Dong 2026 (PMID 42632595) review Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Hand Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
da 2021 (PMID 34642179) network meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Simental-Mendía 2025 (PMID 39212129) meta-analysis Effect of collagen supplementation on knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled t…. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
García-Coronado 2019 (PMID 30368550) meta-analysis Effect of collagen supplementation on osteoarthritis symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Filardo 2021 (PMID 32551947) meta-analysis PRP Injections for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.
Pereira 2022 (PMID 36333100) meta-analysis Viscosupplementation for knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Scope is verified from the live record; numerical transfer requires the abstract or full report.

Completed landmark registrations (verified 2026-08-31)

Random first-page recruiting studies are a poor map of what actually changed evidence. These completed or pivotal registrations were re-fetched individually through ClinicalTrials.gov v2 on 2026-08-31:

NCT Status at query What it tested Linked publication
NCT00381290 COMPLETED IDEA diet ± exercise vs exercise Messier 2013, PMID 24065013
NCT05064735 COMPLETED, phase 3 STEP 9 semaglutide 2.4 mg in obesity + knee OA Bliddal 2024, PMID 39476339
NCT01919164 COMPLETED, phase 2 FORWARD sprifermin dose-finding Hochberg 2019, PMID 31593273
NCT02697773 COMPLETED, phase 3 Subcutaneous tanezumab titration, hip/knee OA Schnitzer 2019, PMID 31265100
NCT03815448 COMPLETED Methotrexate in knee OA with effusion-synovitis Zhu 2025, PMID 40455462
NCT04385303 COMPLETED, phase 3 Lorecivivint STRIDES-1 / OA-10 family Yazici 2025, PMID 39808288
NCT04931667 TERMINATED, phase 3 3-year open-label lorecivivint safety —
NCT01352247 COMPLETED TOPKAT UKA vs TKA Beard 2020, PMID 32369436
NCT00549172 COMPLETED FIDELITY arthroscopic meniscectomy Sihvonen 2013, PMID 24369076
NCT04070027 ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING THR vs progressive resistance training (hip) Frydendal 2024, PMID 39476341

A condition query restricted to recruiting osteoarthritis studies returned 598 records on 2026-08-31 (first page size 20). Lorecivivint query total was 12; tanezumab-plus-osteoarthritis query total was 22. Registration is not efficacy.

Why OA trials fail structurally

Placebo/context effects are large, especially for injections (Zhang 2019, PMID 31621561; Gazendam 2021, PMID 32829298). Structure–symptom discordance means a cartilage-thickness win can be a WOMAC miss (FORWARD) and a pain win can be a joint-safety miss (tanezumab). Molecular-endotype enrichment remains a proposed research strategy rather than a prospectively validated routine selection tool (Hannani 2024, PMID 38353446). Low-dose methotrexate is a completed negative inflammatory-phenotype test (Zhu 2025, PMID 40455462). The published STEP 9 report established weight and pain effects but did not report a nested MRI mediation analysis (Bliddal 2024, PMID 39476339).

Live registered-study snapshot

ClinicalTrials.gov v2 was queried live on 2026-08-31 for recruiting, not-yet-recruiting, active-not-recruiting and enrolling-by-invitation osteoarthritis studies. This is a deliberately heterogeneous snapshot, not a claim of efficacy; registry status and entries can change. The status-filtered condition count query returned 1,243 records; all 20 displayed registrations were then fetched individually.

Registration Status at query Study Intervention(s) Phase
(NCT07245121) Recruiting Perineural Prolotherapy in Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis Pain. Dextrose 5% and Lidocaine, Lidocaine NA
(NCT07475793) Not Yet Recruiting Image Guided Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis Ultrasound Guided, Fluoroscope Guided NA
(NCT07315464) Not Yet Recruiting Effects of MWM Vs Sustained Mobilization on Knee Osteoarthritis mulligan moblization, kaltenborn moblization NA
(NCT05785884) Recruiting Diet Interventions: Remitted and Evaluated as Complementary Treatments for Pain Diet NA
(NCT07494838) Not Yet Recruiting IMAGES: Identifying Metabolic Imaging Association With Genicular Artery Embolization Success Embolization NA
(NCT06027697) Not Yet Recruiting Prospective Evaluation of Subchondroplasty in Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis. AccuFill® Porous Bone Substitute Material (BSM) Not applicable/not reported
(NCT04033588) Not Yet Recruiting Freedom® Total Knee System for Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis or Post-traumatic Arthritis Freedom® Total Knee System NA
(NCT04111718) Active Not Recruiting The Impact of Procedural Awareness of Knee Injections for Osteoarthritis on Patient Perceptions of Effectiveness Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Viewing of preparation PHASE4
(NCT07003113) Recruiting Ischemic Preconditioning in Osteoarthritis and Back Pain Ischemic Preconditioning, Sham Intervention NA
(NCT06681142) Recruiting Pharmacist-physiotherapist Collaborative Management for Early Knee Osteoarthritis Pharmacy-Physiotherapy Intervention NA
(NCT04618016) Active Not Recruiting Evaluation of Medium Cross-linked Polyethylene With and Without Vitamin E for Total Knee Arthroplasty UHMWPE with Vitamin E, UHMWPE without Vitamin E Not applicable/not reported
(NCT07337863) Not Yet Recruiting Phase II/III Randomized Trial of UC-MSC Secretome vs Sodium Hyaluronate in Knee Osteoarthritis UC-MSC-Derived Secretome, Sodium Hyaluronate (Hyalein) PHASE2, PHASE3
(NCT03522025) Active Not Recruiting GMK-UNI Anatomical UKA: Fixation of Cemented vs Cementless Designs Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA) NA
(NCT07666347) Recruiting Intraarticular Injection of Botox and Hyaluronic Acid in Knee Osteoarthritis Hyaluronic acid, Botulinum toxin type A NA
(NCT07755579) Active Not Recruiting Effect of Autologous Ear Cartilage Micrografting in Knee Osteoarthritis Mytocel MSK - Autologous Ear Cartilage Micrografting NA
(NCT05848622) Recruiting Gait Rehabilitation to Treat FastOA Real-time gait biofeedback, Sham real-time gait biofeedback NA
(NCT04928170) Active Not Recruiting The Halland Osteoarthritis Cohort Observational/no assigned intervention Not applicable/not reported
(NCT05986292) Recruiting A Master Protocol Study (LY900028) of Multiple Intervention-Specific-Appendices (ISAs) in Participants With Chronic Pain LY3016859 ISA, LY3556050 ISA, LY3526318 ISA, LY3857210 ISA, Placebo Oral, Placebo PHASE2
(NCT06574191) Recruiting The Effects of Patient and Visit Characteristics on Health Outcomes in Knee Osteoarthritis Topical Diclofenac gel 1% NA
(NCT07113028) Active Not Recruiting Comparison of the Effectiveness of Conventional and Pulse Radiofrequency Therapy in Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly Patients: An Observational Study Observational/no assigned intervention Not applicable/not reported

Interpretation: the active portfolio spans analgesic procedures, rehabilitation, topical drugs, orthobiologics, embolization, implants and observational cohorts. Registration establishes that a study was listed; it does not establish recruitment quality, completion, publication or benefit.

Audit disposition

Check Result
PubMed identifiers 41/41 unique PMIDs resolved in the 2026-08-31 independent live E-utilities fetch
ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers 30/30 NCT IDs resolved individually and matched in the 2026-08-31 independent v2 API fetch
Author / year / journal Matched to live PubMed metadata; ePub/print offsets tolerated
Claim review Every remaining claim-to-citation pairing was checked against the live-fetched abstract or registry record; unsupported rows were deleted and overbroad claims were narrowed. No substantive citation issue remains.
## Open questions
  • Can OA trials measure contextual effects rather than hide them (OQ-11)? (Zhang 2019, PMID 31621561)
  • What estimand for rescue, crossover and delayed surgery should DMOAD phase 3 require after OA-11 and Skou? (Yazici 2025, PMID 39808286; Skou 2015, PMID 26488691)
  • Will a nested MRI/load analysis of STEP 9 close the structure question (Dot 1)? (Bliddal 2024, PMID 39476339)
  • Does lorecivivint’s terminated 3-year open-label (NCT04931667) leave a durability hole that OA-11’s 52-week JSW cannot fill?

References

  1. Assi R, Quintiens J, Monteagudo S, et al. Innovation in Targeted Intra-articular Therapies for Osteoarthritis. Drugs. 2023;83(8);649-663. PMID 37067759
  2. Evans CH, Ghivizzani SC, Robbins PD. Osteoarthritis Gene Therapy: A 30-Year Journey From Concept to Clinical Trials. J Orthop Res. 2026;44(2);e70141. PMID 41607103
  3. Heijman MWJ, Hartog M, van den Ende CHM, et al. The Potential of Authorised Drugs to be Repurposed for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies. Drugs. 2026;86(3);359-376. PMID 41619152
  4. Grol MW. The evolving landscape of gene therapy strategies for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2024;32(4);372-384. PMID 38199296
  5. Miller RE, Block JA, Malfait AM. What is new in pain modification in osteoarthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(suppl_4);iv99-iv107. PMID 29361112
  6. Cai X, Yuan S, Zeng Y, et al. New Trends in Pharmacological Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12;645842. PMID 33935742
  7. Ehioghae M, Vippa TK, Askins D, et al. Exploring Orthopedic Stem-Cell Approaches for Osteoarthritis Management: Current Trends and Future Horizons. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024;28(1);27-35. PMID 38010488
  8. Duong V, Abdel Shaheed C, Ferreira ML, et al. Risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2025;33(10);1162-1179. PMID 40174718
  9. Kim KI, Lee MC, Lee JH, et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51(9);2243-2253. PMID 37345256
  10. Zhu Z, Yu Q, Leng X, et al. Low-Dose Methotrexate for the Treatment of Inflammatory Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2025;185(7);808-816. PMID 40455462
  11. Gregori D, Giacovelli G, Minto C, et al. Association of Pharmacological Treatments With Long-term Pain Control in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018;320(24);2564-2579. PMID 30575881
  12. Wang C, Yao B. Efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1);992. PMID 41107915
  13. Lee BW, Lee JJ, Jung JY, et al. Intra-Articular Injection of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Cell Transplant. 2025;34;9636897241303275. PMID 39874108
  14. Dell'Isola A, Recenti F, Giardulli B, et al. Osteoarthritis year in review 2025: Epidemiology and therapy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2025;33(11);1300-1306. PMID 40914550
  15. Hochberg MC, Guermazi A, Guehring H, et al. Effect of Intra-Articular Sprifermin vs Placebo on Femorotibial Joint Cartilage Thickness in Patients With Osteoarthritis: The FORWARD Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;322(14);1360-1370. PMID 31593273
  16. Rabade A, Viswanatha GL, Nandakumar K, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination regimen in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(3);1759-1775. PMID 38581640
  17. Chavda S, Rabbani SA, Wadhwa T. Role and Effectiveness of Intra-articular Injection of Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022;14(4);e24503. PMID 35651409
  18. Gerwin N, Scotti C, Halleux C, et al. Angiopoietin-like 3-derivative LNA043 for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis: a randomized phase 1 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(12);2633-2645. PMID 36456835
  19. Hannani MT, Thudium CS, Karsdal MA, et al. From biochemical markers to molecular endotypes of osteoarthritis: a review on validated biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2024;24(1-2);23-38. PMID 38353446
  20. Perry TA, Deng Y, Hulley PA, et al. Large-scale molecular endotype discovery in synovial fluid reveals osteoarthritis as a single biological continuum. Nat Commun. 2026;17(1);4721. PMID 42230587
  21. Zhong J, Yang G. Metabolic syndrome-osteoarthritis axis: Beyond mechanical loading toward a cardiometabolic OA phenotype. Biomed Pharmacother. 2026;200;119583. PMID 42190498
  22. Fortuna R, Hart DA, Sharkey KA, et al. Effect of a prebiotic supplement on knee joint function, gut microbiota, and inflammation in adults with co-morbid obesity and knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22(1);255. PMID 33827639
  23. Del Río E. A Multidimensional Definition of Pre-Osteoarthritis: Toward 21st-Century Subclinical Detection and Targeted Intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(23);11447. PMID 41373603
  24. Tachmazidou I, Hatzikotoulas K, Southam L, et al. Identification of new therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis through genome-wide analyses of UK Biobank data. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2);230-236. PMID 30664745
  25. Dong P, Zhao Q, Yang B, et al. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Hand Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2026;102762. PMID 42632595
  26. da Costa BR, Pereira TV, Saadat P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;375;n2321. PMID 34642179
  27. Simental-Mendía M, Ortega-Mata D, Acosta-Olivo CA, et al. Effect of collagen supplementation on knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2025;43(1);126-134. PMID 39212129
  28. García-Coronado JM, Martínez-Olvera L, Elizondo-Omaña RE, et al. Effect of collagen supplementation on osteoarthritis symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Int Orthop. 2019;43(3);531-538. PMID 30368550
  29. Filardo G, Previtali D, Napoli F, et al. PRP Injections for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl);364S-375S. PMID 32551947
  30. Pereira TV, Jüni P, Saadat P, et al. Viscosupplementation for knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022;378;e069722. PMID 36333100
  31. Messier SP, Mihalko SL, Legault C, et al. IDEA diet-and-exercise trial. JAMA. 2013;310:1263-73. PMID 24065013
  32. Bliddal H, Bays H, Czernichow S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in persons with obesity and knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1573-1583. PMID 39476339
  33. Schnitzer TJ, Easton R, Pang S, et al. Effect of tanezumab on joint pain, physical function, and patient global assessment. JAMA. 2019;322:37-48. PMID 31265100
  34. Yazici Y, Tambiah JRS, Swearingen CJ, et al. Phase 3 OA-10 lorecivivint in moderately to severely symptomatic knee OA. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2025;43:847-853. PMID 39808288
  35. Beard DJ, Davies LJ, Cook JA, et al. TOPKAT RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020;24:1-98. PMID 32369436
  36. Sihvonen R, Paavola M, Malmivaara A, et al. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus sham surgery. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2515-24. PMID 24369076
  37. Frydendal T, Christensen R, Mechlenburg I, et al. Total hip replacement or resistance training for severe hip osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1610-1620. PMID 39476341
  38. Zhang W. The powerful placebo effect in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37 Suppl 120:118-123. PMID 31621561
  39. Gazendam A, Ekhtiari S, Bozzo A, et al. Intra-articular saline injection is as effective as corticosteroids, PRP and hyaluronic acid for hip OA pain. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55:256-261. PMID 32829298
  40. Skou ST, Roos EM, Laursen MB, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of total knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1597-606. PMID 26488691
  41. Yazici Y, Tambiah JRS, Swearingen CJ, et al. Phase 3 OA-11 lorecivivint. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2025;43:854-860. PMID 39808286