Ischemic heart disease — statistics quick reference
Last curated: 2026-10-29 (UK official-mortality table verified visually). Previous sweep: 2026-10-22 (literature sweep; see the 2026-10-22 block). Previously 2026-09-02. Every PMID added in this evidence expansion was live-resolved through PubMed E-utilities; all 22 retained NCT identifiers were re-resolved through ClinicalTrials.gov API v2. Estimates are not averaged across conflicting definitions.
Global burden
| Measure |
Value |
Year/population |
Method/source |
| Prevalent IHD cases |
254.3M (95% UI 221.4–295.5M) |
Global, 2021 |
GBD modeled estimate (PMID 40841929) |
| IHD deaths |
9.0M (95% UI 8.3–9.5M) |
Global, 2021 |
GBD modeled estimate (PMID 40841929) |
| IHD DALYs |
188.4M |
Global, 2021 |
GBD modeled estimate (PMID 40841929) |
| Age-standardized IHD death-rate change |
−31.6% |
Global, 1990–2021 |
GBD trend (PMID 40841929) |
| All-CVD deaths |
19.2M |
Global, 2023 |
GBD 2023 model (PMID 40990886) |
| All-CVD prevalent cases |
626M |
Global, 2023 |
GBD 2023 model (PMID 40990886) |
| IHD quality-of-care trend |
Improved globally, wide SDI gradient |
195 countries, 1990–2017 |
Modeled QCI (PMID 34041535) |
Stable-disease strategy trials
| Trial/measure |
Value |
Population/follow-up |
Source |
| COURAGE randomized |
2,287 |
Stable CAD |
PMID 17387127 |
| COURAGE primary events |
19.0% vs 18.5%; HR 1.05 |
PCI+OMT vs OMT, median 4.6 y |
PMID 17387127 |
| ORBITA randomized |
200 |
Single-vessel stable angina |
PMID 29103656 |
| ORBITA exercise-time difference |
+16.6 s; p=0.20 |
PCI vs sham |
PMID 29103656 |
| ISCHEMIA randomized |
5,179 |
Moderate/severe ischemia |
PMID 32227755 |
| ISCHEMIA 5-y primary estimate |
16.4% vs 18.2% |
Invasive vs conservative |
PMID 32227755 |
| ISCHEMIA deaths |
145 vs 144 |
Initial invasive vs conservative |
PMID 32227755 |
| ISCHEMIA-EXTEND all-cause mortality |
12.7% vs 13.4% |
~7 y |
PMID 36335918 |
| ISCHEMIA-EXTEND CV mortality |
6.4% vs 8.6% |
Invasive vs conservative |
PMID 36335918 |
| ORBITA-2 randomized |
301 |
Stable angina, little/no antianginal therapy |
PMID 38015442 |
| ORBITA-2 angina score |
2.9 vs 5.6; OR 2.21 |
PCI vs sham, 12 wk |
PMID 38015442 |
| ERICA weekly angina episodes |
2.88 vs 3.31 |
Ranolazine vs placebo, 6 wk |
PMID 16875985 |
| ERICA weekly nitroglycerin use |
2.03 vs 2.68 tablets |
Ranolazine vs placebo, 6 wk |
PMID 16875985 |
Ischemic LV dysfunction and revascularization
| Measure |
Value |
Population |
Source |
| REVIVED randomized |
700 |
EF ≤35%, viable myocardium |
PMID 36027563 |
| REVIVED death/HF hospitalization |
37.2% vs 38.0%; HR 0.99 |
PCI+OMT vs OMT |
PMID 36027563 |
| STICHES horizon |
10 y |
Ischemic cardiomyopathy |
PMID 27040723 |
| STICH3C target enrollment |
754 estimated |
CABG vs PCI, recruiting |
NCT05427370 |
| ISCHEMIA-CTO target enrollment |
1,560 estimated |
CTO revascularization vs OMT |
NCT03563417 |
| COMPLETE randomized |
4,041 |
STEMI + multivessel disease |
PMID 31475795 |
| CULPRIT-SHOCK death/renal replacement |
45.9% vs 55.4%; RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.71–0.96) |
Culprit-only vs immediate multivessel PCI, shock |
PMID 29083953 |
| STREAM-2 efficacy composite |
12.8% vs 13.3%; RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.62–1.48) |
Half-dose tenecteplase strategy vs primary PCI, age ≥60 |
PMID 37439219 |
| STREAM-2 intracranial hemorrhage |
1.5% vs 0% |
Pharmaco-invasive vs primary PCI |
PMID 37439219 |
| REVIVED viability interaction |
None detected |
PCI effect by viable/nonviable myocardium extent |
PMID 37878295 |
| FREEDOM SAQ physical-limitation difference at 2 y |
+4.4 points (95% CI 2.7–6.1) |
CABG vs PCI, diabetes/multivessel CAD |
PMID 24129463 |
Lipid lowering
| Measure |
Value |
Population/method |
Source |
| Major vascular-event RR per 1 mmol/L LDL reduction |
0.78 |
170,000 participants/26 RCTs |
PMID 21067804 |
| Further event reduction with intensive statin |
15% |
Intensive vs less intensive |
PMID 21067804 |
| IMPROVE-IT primary outcome |
32.7% vs 34.7%; HR 0.936 |
Post-ACS, ezetimibe+statin vs statin |
PMID 26039521 |
| FOURIER median achieved LDL-C |
30 mg/dL |
Evolocumab arm |
PMID 28304224 |
| FOURIER primary outcome |
9.8% vs 11.3%; HR 0.85 |
Stable ASCVD |
PMID 28304224 |
| ODYSSEY primary outcome |
9.5% vs 11.1%; HR 0.85 |
Post-ACS alirocumab |
PMID 30403574 |
| Inclisiran placebo-corrected LDL reduction |
~50% |
ORION-10/11 |
PMID 32187462 |
| REDUCE-IT primary outcome |
17.2% vs 22.0%; HR 0.75 |
Statin-treated, elevated TG |
PMID 30415628 |
| Lp(a)HORIZON enrollment |
8,323 actual |
Pelacarsen; completed |
NCT04023552 |
| OCEAN(a)-Outcomes enrollment |
7,297 actual |
Olpasiran; active not recruiting |
NCT05581303 |
| 4S all-cause mortality reduction |
30% relative |
Simvastatin vs placebo, CHD |
PMID 7968073 |
| 4S major coronary-event reduction |
34% relative |
Simvastatin vs placebo, median 5.4 y |
PMID 7968073 |
| TNT major cardiovascular events |
HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.89) |
Atorvastatin 80 vs 10 mg, stable CHD |
PMID 15755765 |
| CLEAR Outcomes MACE |
HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.79–0.96) |
Bempedoic acid vs placebo, statin-intolerant high risk |
PMID 36876740 |
Antithrombotic therapy
| Measure |
Value |
Population |
Source |
| COMPASS MACE HR |
0.76 |
Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg bid+aspirin vs aspirin |
PMID 28844192 |
| COMPASS all-cause death HR |
0.82 |
Stable CAD/PAD |
PMID 28844192 |
| COMPASS major bleeding HR |
1.70 |
Combination vs aspirin |
PMID 28844192 |
| TWILIGHT BARC 2/3/5 bleeding |
4.0% vs 7.1%; HR 0.56 |
Ticagrelor monotherapy vs ticagrelor+aspirin |
PMID 31556978 |
| MASTER DAPT initial DAPT |
1 month |
High-bleeding-risk PCI |
PMID 34449185 |
| Standard ACS DAPT frame |
Default then individualized |
Contemporary ACS |
ESC, PMID 37622654; ACC/AHA, PMID 40014670 |
| CURE CV death/MI/stroke |
9.3% vs 11.4%; RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.90) |
Clopidogrel+aspirin vs aspirin, NSTE-ACS |
PMID 11519503 |
| CURE major bleeding |
3.7% vs 2.7%; RR 1.38 |
Clopidogrel+aspirin vs aspirin |
PMID 11519503 |
| TRITON CV death/MI/stroke |
9.9% vs 12.1%; HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.73–0.90) |
Prasugrel vs clopidogrel, PCI-planned ACS |
PMID 17982182 |
| TRITON major bleeding |
2.4% vs 1.8%; HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.03–1.68) |
Prasugrel vs clopidogrel |
PMID 17982182 |
| PLATO CV death/MI/stroke |
9.8% vs 11.7%; HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.77–0.92) |
Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel, ACS |
PMID 19717846 |
| PEGASUS 60-mg efficacy |
7.77% vs 9.04%; HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.74–0.95) |
Ticagrelor+aspirin vs aspirin, prior MI |
PMID 25773268 |
| PEGASUS TIMI major bleeding |
2.30% vs 1.06% |
Ticagrelor 60 mg vs placebo |
PMID 25773268 |
| WOEST any bleeding |
19.4% vs 44.4%; HR 0.36 (95% CI 0.26–0.50) |
OAC+clopidogrel vs triple therapy after PCI |
PMID 23415013 |
| AUGUSTUS bleeding: apixaban vs VKA |
10.5% vs 14.7%; HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.58–0.81) |
AF + ACS/PCI |
PMID 30883055 |
| AUGUSTUS bleeding: aspirin vs placebo |
16.1% vs 9.0%; HR 1.89 (95% CI 1.59–2.24) |
Background P2Y12+anticoagulation |
PMID 30883055 |
| STOPDAPT-2 net composite |
2.36% vs 3.70%; HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.42–0.98) |
1-mo DAPT→clopidogrel vs 12-mo DAPT |
PMID 31237644 |
| SMART-CHOICE BARC 2–5 bleeding |
2.0% vs 3.4%; HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.36–0.92) |
3-mo DAPT→P2Y12 vs 12-mo DAPT |
PMID 31237645 |
Inflammation
| Trial/measure |
Value |
Population |
Source |
| CANTOS 150-mg primary HR |
0.85 |
Prior MI, hsCRP ≥2 mg/L |
PMID 28845751 |
| CANTOS participants |
10,061 |
Prior MI + inflammation |
PMID 28845751 |
| COLCOT primary outcome |
5.5% vs 7.1%; HR 0.77 |
Recent MI |
PMID 31733140 |
| LoDoCo2 primary outcome |
6.8% vs 9.6%; HR 0.69 |
Chronic coronary disease |
PMID 32865380 |
| CLEAR SYNERGY |
Neutral CV composite |
Acute MI/PCI |
PMID 39555823 |
| ARTEMIS target enrollment |
10,000 estimated; active, not recruiting (2026-09-09) |
Ziltivekimab after MI |
NCT06118281 |
| ZEUS enrollment |
6,385 actual; completed 2026-06-09, no primary publication on 2026-10-22 |
CVD + CKD + inflammation |
NCT05021835 |
| HERMES enrollment |
4,874 actual; terminated 2026-09-03 |
HFpEF/HFmrEF + inflammation (ziltivekimab) |
NCT05636176 |
| TET2 colchicine enrollment |
120 estimated |
Precision inflammation |
NCT07362966 |
Rehabilitation, lifestyle, and adherence
| Measure |
Value |
Population/method |
Source |
| CR cardiovascular mortality RR |
0.74 |
85-RCT meta-analysis |
PMID 36746187 |
| CR cardiovascular mortality NNT |
~37 |
Trial horizons |
PMID 36746187 |
| CR hospitalization NNT |
37 |
Median 12-month follow-up |
PMID 36746187 |
| SECURE MACE |
9.5% vs 12.7%; HR 0.76 |
Post-MI polypill vs usual care |
PMID 36018037 |
| SELECT MACE |
6.5% vs 8.0%; HR 0.80 |
Obesity + CVD, no diabetes |
PMID 37952131 |
| Home vs center CR |
Broadly similar outcomes |
Selected RCT participants |
PMID 37888805 |
| CR all-cause mortality RR, 6–12 mo |
0.86 (95% CI 0.74–1.00); NNTB 125 |
30 RCTs, 10,391; Cochrane 2026, moderate certainty |
PMID 42754260 |
| CR cardiovascular mortality RR, 6–12 mo |
0.87 (95% CI 0.68–1.11) |
20 RCTs, 7,277; Cochrane 2026 |
PMID 42754260 |
| CR MI RR, 6–12 mo |
0.72 (95% CI 0.54–0.95); NNTB 71 |
25 RCTs, 8,584; high certainty |
PMID 42754260 |
| CR all-cause hospitalization RR, 6–12 mo |
0.65 (95% CI 0.51–0.82); NNTB 17 |
21 RCTs, 3,868; small-study bias detected |
PMID 42754260 |
| Women among CR trial participants |
17% |
107 RCTs, 26,886 |
PMID 42754260 |
| CR coverage, Latin America/Caribbean |
Median 2.9% per country; shortfall 635,945 patients/yr |
ICCPR 2025 audit, 25 countries with CR |
PMID 42790273 |
Imaging, physiology, and INOCA
| Measure |
Value |
Population/method |
Source |
| PROSPECT high-risk plaque burden |
≥70% |
Non-culprit IVUS phenotype |
PMID 21247313 |
| PROSPECT minimal lumen area |
≤4.0 mm² |
High-risk phenotype |
PMID 21247313 |
| CorMicA randomized |
151 |
No obstructive CAD |
PMID 30266608 |
| COSIMA target enrollment |
144 estimated |
Refractory microvascular angina |
NCT04606459 |
| ExINOCA target enrollment |
100 estimated |
Exercise intervention |
NCT06529848 |
| PREVENT enrollment |
1,608 actual |
High-risk non-flow-limiting plaque |
NCT02316886 |
| ORBITA-2 enrollment |
439 actual registered; 301 randomized report |
Stable angina |
NCT03742050; PMID 38015442 |
| ORBITA-COSMIC enrollment |
Registry: 50 estimated; paper: 61 enrolled, 51 randomized, 50 in intention-to-treat analysis |
Refractory angina |
NCT04892537; PMID 38604209 |
Safety and special populations
| Statistic/contrast |
Value |
Population |
Source |
| REDUCE-AMI finding |
No reduction in death/new MI |
Post-MI, preserved EF |
PMID 38587241 |
| ABYSS inference |
Interruption not shown noninferior |
Stable post-MI |
PMID 39213187 |
| Advanced CKD stable-CAD trial |
Routine invasive strategy did not improve death/nonfatal MI |
Advanced CKD + ischemia |
PMID 32227756 |
| Sex-specific MI criteria |
Changed symptom/troponin-defined recognition |
Men and women with suspected ACS |
PMID 31431112 |
Evidence-expansion quick reference — 2026-09-02
| Domain |
Measure |
Value |
Population/method |
Source |
| ACS |
Routine oxygen, 1-year mortality |
5.0% vs 5.1%; HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.79–1.21) |
6,629 suspected-MI patients with saturation ≥90% |
PMID 28844200 |
| Shock |
Early ECLS, 30-day mortality |
47.8% vs 49.0%; RR 0.98 (95% CI 0.80–1.19) |
417 analyzed infarct-related shock patients |
PMID 37634145 |
| Shock safety |
Moderate/severe bleeding with ECLS |
23.4% vs 9.6%; RR 2.44 (95% CI 1.50–3.95) |
ECLS-SHOCK |
PMID 37634145 |
| Antithrombotics |
Clopidogrel vs aspirin net outcome |
12.8% vs 16.9%; HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.63–0.86) |
Event-free post-PCI patients; median 5.8 years |
PMID 36342475 |
| Biomarkers |
1-hour hs-cTnT rule-out NPV |
99.9% (95% CI 99.3%–100%) |
1,320 suspected-MI presentations |
PMID 25869867 |
| CR/lifestyle |
Smoking cessation mortality |
OR 0.54 (95% CI 0.46–0.62) |
12 post-MI cohorts, 5,878 patients |
PMID 10761958 |
| Epidemiology |
Young-adult CVD prevalence |
1,477.54→1,645.32 per 100,000 |
GBD 1990–2019, age 15–39 |
PMID 37365627 |
| Inflammation |
CHIP in established ASCVD |
HR 1.23 (95% CI 1.10–1.38) |
13,129 UK Biobank participants |
PMID 37197843 |
| INOCA/MINOCA |
MINOCA long-term MACE |
23.9% over mean 4.1 years |
9,136 30-day survivors |
PMID 28179398 |
| Lipids |
Inclisiran LDL-C change |
−50.7% (95% CI −52.9% to −48.4%) |
Pooled ORION-9/10/11, day 510 |
PMID 33663735 |
| Revascularization |
FAME 2 primary outcome |
13.9% vs 27.0%; HR 0.46 (95% CI 0.34–0.63) |
FFR-positive stable disease, 5 years |
PMID 29785878 |
| Patient outcomes |
Return to work |
81.1% (95% CI 75.8%–85.8%) |
43 prospective studies, 34,964 patients |
PMID 36097026 |
| Diagnostic safety |
Missed ED discharge |
MI 2.1%; unstable angina 2.3% |
Prospective 10-hospital cohort |
PMID 10770981 |
| Stable disease |
MASS II 10-year survival |
CABG 74.9%; PCI 75.1%; medical 69.0% |
611 randomized patients |
PMID 20733102 |
These rows deliberately retain population and design boundaries. Historical cohorts, model-based GBD estimates, post-randomization survivor cohorts, and surrogate lipid changes are not pooled with contemporary intention-to-treat outcome trials.
Literature sweep quick reference — 2026-10-22
| Domain |
Measure |
Value |
Population/method |
Source |
| Burden (US) |
IHD deaths, 2023 |
473,000 (95% UI 414,000–510,000); age-standardized rate −58.7% since 1990 |
GBD 2023, US states |
PMID 42455550 |
| Burden (US) |
Leading attributable risks for IHD death, 2023 |
SBP 47.2%; dietary 38.6%; LDL-C 28.5% |
GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment |
PMID 42455550 |
| Lipids |
VESALIUS-CV 3-point MACE |
6.2% vs 8.0% at 5 y; HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.65–0.86) |
12,257 without prior MI/stroke; evolocumab |
PMID 41211925 |
| Lipids |
AMUNDSEN death/unplanned CV hospitalization, 12 mo |
14.6% vs 15.4%; adjusted OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.73–1.19) |
2,161 acute MI; evolocumab before PCI |
PMID 42666092 |
| Lp(a) |
Lp(a)HORIZON primary composite |
Topline neutral; no effect estimate published |
8,323 established CVD; pelacarsen |
PMID 42880684; NCT04023552 |
| ACS |
AIR-STEMI primary composite |
8.9% vs 13.7%; HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.47–0.83) |
1,823 STEMI multivessel; angiography-derived physiology vs angiography |
PMID 42670979 |
| Diagnosis |
0/1 h vs 0/3 h, 30-day death or type 1 MI |
1.1% vs 1.2%; adjusted OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.77–1.13) |
67,624 ED presentations, stepped-wedge |
PMID 42667934 |
| PCI |
Imaging-guided vs angiography-guided, cardiac death |
RR 0.73 (95% CI 0.58–0.91) |
28 RCTs, 24,634 |
PMID 42747372 |
| PCI |
IVUS cardiac death by region |
East Asian RR 0.56 vs non-Asian RR 1.23; interaction P<0.001 |
17 RCTs, 14,033 |
PMID 42690150 |
UK official mortality update — checked 2026-10-29
| Measure |
Value |
Population/year/method |
Source |
| Coronary heart disease deaths |
62,586 (41,392 men; 21,194 women) |
UK, all ages, 2024; ICD-10 I20–I25; registered mortality, not a GBD estimate |
BHF — Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2026 Compendium, Table 1.14, PDF p. 23, accessed 2026-10-29 |
The revised compendium was published in August 2026; the exact day is unspecified, so it cannot be classified as newly released after 28 August. Table 1.14 includes non-residents in UK totals and warns that historical classifications can change. This observed national series is kept separate from modeled global estimates.
Known conflicts and caveats
- Counts versus rates: absolute deaths/cases and age-standardized rates move in opposite directions when population growth and aging outpace risk reduction (Yang 2025, PMID 40841929; GBD CVD 2025, PMID 40990886).
- Composite endpoints: procedural MI, spontaneous MI, urgent revascularization, and hospitalization are not interchangeable; report components.
- Registry versus paper enrollment: NCT records may show screened/estimated/actual enrollment that differs from the randomized analysis population; both are retained where relevant.
- Rehabilitation eras and follow-up windows: CR trials span decades of changing acute and preventive care, contributing heterogeneity (Dibben 2021, PMID 34741536; Dibben 2023, PMID 36746187). The 2023 cardiovascular-mortality RR 0.74 pools across trial horizons; the 2026 Cochrane short-term (6–12 mo) RR 0.87 has a CI crossing 1. They are different estimands and are shown separately, not reconciled (Dibben 2026, PMID 42754260).
- Colchicine conflict: COLCOT and LoDoCo2 were positive; CLEAR SYNERGY was neutral. Estimates are shown separately and not pooled here (Tardif 2019, PMID 31733140; Nidorf 2020, PMID 32865380; Jolly 2025, PMID 39555823).
- LDL floor: achieved LDL around 30 mg/dL was safe over FOURIER's median 2.2-year follow-up; that does not establish lifetime safety (PMID 28304224).
- Stable revascularization: COURAGE/ISCHEMIA address strategy in selected stable populations and do not include all left-main, unstable, severe-symptom, or severe-LV phenotypes.
- Model uncertainty: GBD uncertainty intervals, data availability, and cause redistribution must accompany rankings.
- Antithrombotic conditioning: aspirin-withdrawal and short-DAPT trials often randomize event-free patients at a post-PCI landmark; their bleeding benefit is not an estimate for patients with an early ischemic event or poor adherence.
- AF-PCI precision: WOEST, PIONEER AF-PCI, RE-DUAL PCI, AUGUSTUS, and ENTRUST-AF PCI consistently reduce bleeding with less aspirin/VKA exposure, but most were not powered to exclude small differences in rare ischemic events (PMID 23415013; PMID 27959713; PMID 28844193; PMID 30883055; PMID 31492505).
- Fibrinolysis tradeoff: STREAM-2's similar imprecise efficacy composite and higher intracranial hemorrhage must be shown together; it does not establish equivalence to timely primary PCI (PMID 37439219).