Skip to content

Master bibliography — fibromyalgia

Last curated: 2026-08-28. One line per paper: full citation, PMID, tags, and the wiki pages that cite it. Every PMID was verified against a live PubMed query during the session that added it (see CONVENTIONS.md §1). 355 unique papers across six sections; a paper cited by two domains appears once per section — recurrence marks the field's load-bearing papers (e.g. PMID 42521817 the 2.5M-person GWAS, 27377815 EULAR 2017, 27916278 ACR 2016 criteria, 23137770 placebo/nocebo).

Companion reference lists live beside this file: guidelines/REGISTRY.md (guideline documents + regulatory decisions), statistics/STATISTICS.md (statistical sources), patient-voice/sources.md (patient-experience sources), notes/ (landmark paper deep notes).

Foundations & nosology

Diagnostic criteria and classification

  • Wolfe F, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:160-72. PMID 2306288 — tags: [criteria, ACR-1990, tender-points, landmark] — cited by: overview.md (indirect via history), history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:600-10. PMID 20461783 — tags: [criteria, ACR-2010, WPI, symptom-severity] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. Fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales for clinical and epidemiological studies: a modification of the ACR Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1113-22. PMID 21285161 — tags: [criteria, 2011-modification, self-report, polysymptomatic-distress] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46:319-329. PMID 27916278 — tags: [criteria, 2016-revision, generalized-pain, landmark] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Wolfe F, Egloff N, Häuser W. Widespread Pain and Low Widespread Pain Index Scores among Fibromyalgia-positive Cases Assessed with the 2010/2011 Fibromyalgia Criteria. J Rheumatol. 2016;43:1743-8. PMID 27370877 — tags: [criteria, widespread-pain, misclassification] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Arnold LM, et al. AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2019;20:611-628. PMID 30453109 — tags: [criteria, AAPT, taxonomy] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Galvez-Sánchez CM, Reyes del Paso GA. Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia: Critical Review and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1219. PMID 32340369 — tags: [criteria, review, history, PSD-scale] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Salaffi F, et al. Diagnosis of fibromyalgia: comparison of the 2011/2016 ACR and AAPT criteria and validation of the modified Fibromyalgia Assessment Status. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:3042-3049. PMID 32206792 — tags: [criteria, AAPT, agreement, validation] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Treede RD, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160:19-27. PMID 30586067 — tags: [ICD-11, chronic-primary-pain, classification] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Nicholas M, et al. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain. Pain. 2019;160:28-37. PMID 30586068 — tags: [ICD-11, chronic-primary-pain] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md

Criteria agreement, misuse, over-/under-diagnosis

  • Jones GT, et al. The prevalence of fibromyalgia in the general population: a comparison of the American College of Rheumatology 1990, 2010, and modified 2010 classification criteria. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:568-75. PMID 25323744 — tags: [criteria-comparison, prevalence, sex-ratio] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia: Disagreement Between Fibromyalgia Criteria and Clinician-Based Fibromyalgia Diagnosis in a University Clinic. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71:343-351. PMID 30724039 — tags: [diagnosis, criteria-agreement, misdiagnosis, sex-bias] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, overview.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Srinivasan S, et al. The Problematic Nature of Fibromyalgia Diagnosis in the Community. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2019;1:43-51. PMID 31777779 — tags: [diagnosis, community, criteria-agreement, over-diagnosis, under-diagnosis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Fitzcharles MA, Boulos P. Inaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referrals. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:263-7. PMID 12595620 — tags: [diagnosis, referral, over-diagnosis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Walitt B, et al. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Fibromyalgia in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0138024. PMID 26379048 — tags: [prevalence, NHIS, under-diagnosis, disability] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • Vincent A, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, utilizing the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:786-92. PMID 23203795 — tags: [prevalence, diagnosed-vs-criteria, under-diagnosis] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. Fibromyalgia diagnosis and biased assessment: Sex, prevalence and bias. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203755. PMID 30212526 — tags: [sex-ratio, bias, criteria, prevalence] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md

History and nosology

  • Gowers WR. A Lecture on Lumbago: Its Lessons and Analogues. Br Med J. 1904;1(2246):117-21. PMID 20761312 — tags: [history, fibrositis, primary-source] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Inanici F, Yunus MB. History of fibromyalgia: past to present. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004;8:369-78. PMID 15361321 — tags: [history, review] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R, Smythe H. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbance in patients with "fibrositis syndrome" and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med. 1975;37:341-51. PMID 169541 — tags: [history, sleep, alpha-delta, mechanism] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Smythe HA, Moldofsky H. Two contributions to understanding of the "fibrositis" syndrome. Bull Rheum Dis. 1977;28(1):928-31. PMID 199304 — tags: [history, first-criteria, tender-points] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Yunus M, Masi AT, Calabro JJ, Miller KA, Feigenbaum SL. Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1981;11:151-71. PMID 6944796 — tags: [history, first-controlled-study, criteria] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md
  • Ehrlich GE. Pain is real; fibromyalgia isn't. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1666-7. PMID 12913918 — tags: [contested-illness, editorial, skeptic] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Wolfe F. Fibromyalgia wars. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:671-8. PMID 19342721 — tags: [contested-illness, history, review] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Wolfe F, Walitt B. Culture, science and the changing nature of fibromyalgia. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9:751-5. PMID 23820862 — tags: [contested-illness, neurasthenia, social-construction] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • Häuser W, Fitzcharles MA. Facts and myths pertaining to fibromyalgia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:53-62. PMID 29946212 — tags: [contested-illness, review, balance] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: the unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:339-56. PMID 17350675 — tags: [nosology, central-sensitivity-syndromes, lumping] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md

Continuum vs discrete entity

  • Croft P, Schollum J, Silman A. Population study of tender point counts and pain as evidence of fibromyalgia. BMJ. 1994;309:696-9. PMID 7950521 — tags: [continuum, tender-points, distress, population] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Croft P, et al. More pain, more tender points: is fibromyalgia just one end of a continuous spectrum? Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:482-5. PMID 8774169 — tags: [continuum, tender-points, population] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Wolfe F. The relation between tender points and fibromyalgia symptom variables: evidence that fibromyalgia is not a discrete disorder in the clinic. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:268-71. PMID 9166001 — tags: [continuum, tender-points, distress, clinic] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Wolfe F. Fibromyalgianess. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:715-6. PMID 19479689 — tags: [continuum, fibromyalgianess, editorial] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md
  • Wolfe F, Brähler E, Hinz A, Häuser W. Fibromyalgia prevalence, somatic symptom reporting, and the dimensionality of polysymptomatic distress: results from a survey of the general population. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65:777-85. PMID 23424058 — tags: [continuum, polysymptomatic-distress, prevalence, Germany] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md

Nociplastic pain

  • Kosek E, et al. Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states? Pain. 2016;157:1382-1386. PMID 26835783 — tags: [nociplastic, IASP, concept, landmark] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md
  • Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, et al. Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021;397:2098-2110. PMID 34062144 — tags: [nociplastic, review, definition] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md
  • Kosek E, et al. Chronic nociplastic pain affecting the musculoskeletal system: clinical criteria and grading system. Pain. 2021;162:2629-2634. PMID 33974577 — tags: [nociplastic, clinical-criteria, grading] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md
  • Granan LP. We do not need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states! Not yet. Pain. 2017;158:179. PMID 27984528 — tags: [nociplastic, critique, letter] — cited by: overview.md, history-and-nosology.md

Prevalence and incidence

  • Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:19-28. PMID 7818567 — tags: [prevalence, ACR-1990, USA, landmark] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study: the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Ontario. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1570-6. PMID 10405947 — tags: [prevalence, ACR-1990, Canada, socioeconomic] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • Queiroz LP. Worldwide epidemiology of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17:356. PMID 23801009 — tags: [prevalence, review, worldwide] — cited by: history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • Heidari F, Afshari M, Moosazadeh M. Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37:1527-1539. PMID 28447207 — tags: [prevalence, meta-analysis] — cited by: overview.md, diagnostic-criteria.md, epidemiology.md
  • Marques AP, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: literature review update. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2017;57:356-363. PMID 28743363 — tags: [prevalence, review, worldwide] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Häuser W, Ablin J, Fitzcharles MA, et al. Fibromyalgia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15022. PMID 27189527 — tags: [review, primer, prevalence, pathogenesis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • Weir PT, et al. The incidence of fibromyalgia and its associated comorbidities: a population-based retrospective cohort study based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006;12:124-8. PMID 16755239 — tags: [incidence, claims, comorbidity] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Forseth KO, Husby G, Gran JT, Førre O. Prognostic factors for the development of fibromyalgia in women with self-reported musculoskeletal pain. A prospective study. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:2458-67. PMID 10555910 — tags: [incidence, risk-factors, prospective, Norway] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Treister-Goltzman Y. Trends in incidence, patient characteristics, healthcare use, and medication in fibromyalgia: A large Israeli cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2026;80:153046. PMID 42551405 — tags: [secular-trends, incidence, administrative, Israel] — cited by: epidemiology.md

Diagnostic delay, costs, utilization, disability

  • Choy E, Perrot S, et al. A patient survey of the impact of fibromyalgia and the journey to diagnosis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:102. PMID 20420681 — tags: [diagnostic-delay, work-disability, patient-survey] — cited by: overview.md, epidemiology.md
  • Gendelman O, et al. Time to diagnosis of fibromyalgia and factors associated with delayed diagnosis in primary care. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2019;32:489-499. PMID 31174818 — tags: [diagnostic-delay, primary-care, claims] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Wolfe F, et al. A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1560-70. PMID 9324009 — tags: [costs, utilization, prospective] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Berger A, Dukes E, Martin S, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Characteristics and healthcare costs of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:1498-508. PMID 17655684 — tags: [costs, claims, comorbidity] — cited by: overview.md, epidemiology.md
  • Annemans L, Wessely S, et al. Health economic consequences related to the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:895-902. PMID 18311794 — tags: [costs, diagnosis-effect, UK] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • D'Onghia M, et al. The economic burden of fibromyalgia: A systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;56:152060. PMID 35849890 — tags: [costs, systematic-review, burden] — cited by: overview.md, epidemiology.md

Mortality and suicide

  • Wolfe F, Hassett AL, Walitt B, Michaud K. Mortality in fibromyalgia: a study of 8,186 patients over thirty-five years. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:94-101. PMID 20662040 — tags: [mortality, suicide, cohort, landmark] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • Dreyer L, et al. Mortality in a cohort of Danish patients with fibromyalgia: increased frequency of suicide. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:3101-8. PMID 20583101 — tags: [mortality, suicide, Denmark, cohort] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, overview.md, history-and-nosology.md, epidemiology.md
  • Smith D, Wilkie R, Uthman O, Jordan JL, McBeth J. Chronic pain and mortality: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99048. PMID 24901358 — tags: [mortality, chronic-pain, systematic-review] — cited by: epidemiology.md
  • Treister-Goltzman Y, Peleg R. Fibromyalgia and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2023;9:e003005. PMID 37429737 — tags: [mortality, suicide, meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, overview.md, epidemiology.md
  • Adawi M, et al. Suicidal Behavior in Fibromyalgia Patients: Rates and Determinants of Suicide Ideation, Risk, Suicide, and Suicidal Attempts — A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis of Over 390,000 Fibromyalgia Patients. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:629417. PMID 34867495 — tags: [suicide, meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, epidemiology.md

General reviews

  • Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311:1547-55. PMID 24737367 — tags: [review, landmark, centralized-pain] — cited by: overview.md, epidemiology.md
  • Sarzi-Puttini P, Giorgi V, Marotto D, Atzeni F. Fibromyalgia: an update on clinical characteristics, aetiopathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:645-660. PMID 33024295 — tags: [review, update] — cited by: overview.md

Mechanism

Quantitative sensory testing and psychophysics

  • Staud R, Vierck CJ, Cannon RL, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2001;91:165-75. PMID 11240089 — tags: [qst, temporal-summation, wind-up, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Kosek E, Hansson P. Modulatory influence on somatosensory perception from vibration and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects. Pain. 1997;70:41-51. PMID 9106808 — tags: [qst, conditioned-pain-modulation, dnic, descending-inhibition] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • O'Brien AT, Deitos A, Triñanes Pego Y, Fregni F, Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT. Defective endogenous pain modulation in fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis of temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation paradigms. J Pain. 2018;19:819-836. PMID 29454976 — tags: [meta-analysis, qst, temporal-summation, conditioned-pain-modulation, effect-size] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Carneiro AM, Pacheco-Barrios K, Andrade MF, et al. Psychological factors modulate quantitative sensory testing measures in fibromyalgia patients: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Psychosom Med. 2024;86:781-789. PMID 39225326 — tags: [meta-analysis, qst, catastrophizing, anxiety, confounding] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Staud R. Evidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002;4:299-305. PMID 12126581 — tags: [review, central-sensitization, wind-up, historical] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md

Functional and structural neuroimaging

  • Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, Clauw DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1333-43. PMID 12115241 — tags: [fmri, augmented-processing, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, et al. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 4):835-43. PMID 14960499 — tags: [fmri, catastrophizing, psychological-modulation] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Jensen KB, Kosek E, Petzke F, et al. Evidence of dysfunctional pain inhibition in fibromyalgia reflected in rACC during provoked pain. Pain. 2009;144:95-100. PMID 19410366 — tags: [fmri, rostral-acc, descending-inhibition] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Jensen KB, Loitoile R, Kosek E, et al. Patients with fibromyalgia display less functional connectivity in the brain's pain inhibitory network. Mol Pain. 2012;8:32. PMID 22537768 — tags: [fmri, connectivity, descending-inhibition] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Napadow V, LaCount L, Park K, As-Sanie S, Clauw DJ, Harris RE. Intrinsic brain connectivity in fibromyalgia is associated with chronic pain intensity. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2545-55. PMID 20506181 — tags: [resting-state, default-mode-network, insula] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Napadow V, Kim J, Clauw DJ, Harris RE. Decreased intrinsic brain connectivity is associated with reduced clinical pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2398-403. PMID 22294427 — tags: [resting-state, longitudinal, candidate-marker] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • López-Solà M, Woo CW, Pujol J, et al. Towards a neurophysiological signature for fibromyalgia. Pain. 2017;158:34-47. PMID 27583567 — tags: [machine-learning, classifier, multisensory, neurologic-pain-signature, unreplicated] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Dehghan M, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Pfleiderer B, et al. Coordinate-based (ALE) meta-analysis of brain activation in patients with fibromyalgia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:1749-58. PMID 26864780 — tags: [meta-analysis, neuroimaging, specificity-critique] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Liu A, Jiang H, Li Y, Jiang Z, Huang S, Ying Z. Altered whole brain functional activity in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1164-1169. PMID 38294039 — tags: [meta-analysis, ale, insula, acc, conflicting-direction] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Xin M, Qu Y, Peng X, Zhu D, Cheng S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometric studies of fibromyalgia. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1164145. PMID 37229427 — tags: [meta-analysis, voxel-based-morphometry, grey-matter] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Hampson JP, Reed BD, Clauw DJ, et al. Augmented central pain processing in vulvodynia. J Pain. 2013;14:579-89. PMID 23578957 — tags: [fmri, vulvodynia, specificity-critique, copc] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md

CSF neurochemistry and MR spectroscopy

  • Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1593-601. PMID 7526868 — tags: [csf, substance-p, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Liu Z, Welin M, Bragee B, Nyberg F. A high-recovery extraction procedure for quantitative analysis of substance P and opioid peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid. Peptides. 2000;21:853-60. PMID 10959008 — tags: [csf, substance-p, methods, independent-confirmation] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Larson AA. Increased concentrations of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1564-9. PMID 10405946 — tags: [csf, nerve-growth-factor, primary-vs-secondary-fm] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Larson AA, Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Michalek JE. Changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2000;87:201-211. PMID 10924813 — tags: [csf, excitatory-amino-acids, negative-result, nitric-oxide] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Harris RE, Sundgren PC, Craig AD, et al. Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3146-52. PMID 19790053 — tags: [mrs, glutamate, posterior-insula, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Harris RE, Sundgren PC, Pang Y, et al. Dynamic levels of glutamate within the insula are associated with improvements in multiple pain domains in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:903-7. PMID 18311814 — tags: [mrs, glutamate, longitudinal, small-n] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Zhou X, Ichesco E, Pucka AQ, et al. Elevated posterior insula glutamate in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pain. 2024;27:104743. PMID 39615812 — tags: [mrs, glutamate, sickle-cell, specificity-critique] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md

Descending modulation and the opioid system

  • Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ, McLean SA, Gracely RH, Zubieta JK. Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci. 2007;27:10000-6. PMID 17855614 — tags: [pet, mu-opioid-receptor, descending-inhibition, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Harris RE, Zubieta JK, Scott DJ, Napadow V, Gracely RH, Clauw DJ. Traditional Chinese acupuncture and placebo (sham) acupuncture are differentiated by their effects on mu-opioid receptors (MORs). Neuroimage. 2009;47:1077-85. PMID 19501658 — tags: [pet, mu-opioid-receptor, acupuncture, placebo] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Russell IJ. Advances in fibromyalgia: possible role for central neurochemicals. Am J Med Sci. 1998;315:377-84. PMID 9638894 — tags: [review, serotonin, substance-p, historical] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md

Glial activation and neuroinflammation

  • Albrecht DS, Forsberg A, Sandström A, et al. Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia — a multi-site positron emission tomography investigation. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;75:72-83. PMID 30223011 — tags: [pet, tspo, microglia, neuroinflammation, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Loggia ML, Chonde DB, Akeju O, et al. Evidence for brain glial activation in chronic pain patients. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 3):604-15. PMID 25582579 — tags: [pet, tspo, chronic-low-back-pain, specificity-critique] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md

Small-fibre pathology

  • Üçeyler N, Zeller D, Kahn AK, et al. Small fibre pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 6):1857-67. PMID 23474848 — tags: [skin-biopsy, ienfd, qst, pain-related-evoked-potentials, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Oaklander AL, Herzog ZD, Downs HM, Klein MM. Objective evidence that small-fiber polyneuropathy underlies some illnesses currently labeled as fibromyalgia. Pain. 2013;154:2310-2316. PMID 23748113 — tags: [skin-biopsy, sfpn, misdiagnosis-hypothesis, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Grayston R, Czanner G, Elhadd K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of small fiber pathology in fibromyalgia: implications for a new paradigm in fibromyalgia etiopathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48:933-940. PMID 30314675 — tags: [meta-analysis, prevalence, small-fibre-pathology, corneal-confocal-microscopy] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Kosmidis ML, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Alexopoulos H, et al. Reduction of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in the skin biopsies of patients with fibromyalgia: a controlled study. J Neurol Sci. 2014;347:143-7. PMID 25304055 — tags: [skin-biopsy, ienfd, no-pain-correlation, control-mismatch] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Doppler K, Rittner HL, Deckart M, Sommer C. Reduced dermal nerve fiber diameter in skin biopsies of patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2015;156:2319-2325. PMID 26164586 — tags: [electron-microscopy, axon-diameter, distinct-from-sfn] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Evdokimov D, Frank J, Klitsch A, et al. Reduction of skin innervation is associated with a severe fibromyalgia phenotype. Ann Neurol. 2019;86:504-516. PMID 31376174 — tags: [skin-biopsy, ienfd, phenotype, severity, corneal-confocal-microscopy] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Serra J, Collado A, Solà R, et al. Hyperexcitable C nociceptors in fibromyalgia. Ann Neurol. 2014;75:196-208. PMID 24243538 — tags: [microneurography, silent-nociceptors, spontaneous-activity, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Ramírez M, Martínez-Martínez LA, Hernández-Quintela E, et al. Small fiber neuropathy in women with fibromyalgia. An in vivo assessment using corneal confocal bio-microscopy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45:214-9. PMID 26094164 — tags: [corneal-confocal-microscopy, small-fibre-pathology] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Burgess J, Marshall A, Rapteas L, et al. Idiopathic distal sensory polyneuropathy and fibromyalgia syndrome: a comparative phenotyping study. Pain Ther. 2024;13:1541-1558. PMID 39264538 — tags: [phenotyping, corneal-confocal-microscopy, qst, sfp-does-not-organize-phenotype] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Lodahl M, Treister R, Oaklander AL. Specific symptoms may discriminate between fibromyalgia patients with vs without objective test evidence of small-fiber polyneuropathy. Pain Rep. 2017;3:e633. PMID 29430562 — tags: [sfpn, subgroup, dysautonomia, screening] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Vecchio E, Quitadamo SG, Ricci K, et al. Laser evoked potentials in fibromyalgia with peripheral small fiber involvement. Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;135:96-106. PMID 35074721 — tags: [laser-evoked-potentials, discordance-with-ienfd] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Malik A, Lopate G, Hayat G, et al. Prevalence of axonal sensory neuropathy with IgM binding to trisulfated heparin disaccharide in patients with fibromyalgia. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2019;20:103-110. PMID 30801480 — tags: [ts-hds, autoantibody, non-length-dependent-sfn, small-study] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Bailly F. The challenge of differentiating fibromyalgia from small-fiber neuropathy in clinical practice. Joint Bone Spine. 2021;88:105232. PMID 34082128 — tags: [review, differential-diagnosis, sfn] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Petropoulos IN, Bitirgen G, Ferdousi M, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy to image small nerve fiber degeneration: ophthalmology meets neurology. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2021;2:725363. PMID 35295436 — tags: [corneal-confocal-microscopy, surrogate-endpoint, review] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Zdebik N, Zdebik A, Bogusławska J, Przeździecka-Dołyk J, Turno-Kręcicka A. Fibromyalgia syndrome and the eye — a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021;66:132-137. PMID 32512032 — tags: [review, ocular, corneal-confocal-microscopy, dry-eye] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md

Peripheral input, muscle and fascia

  • Staud R, Nagel S, Robinson ME, Price DD. Enhanced central pain processing of fibromyalgia patients is maintained by muscle afferent input: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2009;145:96-104. PMID 19540671 — tags: [lidocaine, peripheral-input, central-sensitization, rct, landmark] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md, pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Staud R, Weyl EE, Bartley E, Price DD, Robinson ME. Analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of muscle injections with lidocaine or saline in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J Pain. 2014;18:803-12. PMID 24193993 — tags: [lidocaine, peripheral-input, placebo-effect, controlled-trial] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Simms RW. Is there muscle pathology in fibromyalgia syndrome? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1996;22:245-66. PMID 8860798 — tags: [review, muscle, mrs, deconditioning, historical-refutation] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Liptan GL. Fascia: a missing link in our understanding of the pathology of fibromyalgia. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010;14:3-12. PMID 20006283 — tags: [hypothesis, fascia, unconfirmed] — cited by: pathophysiology-peripheral.md

IgG passive transfer and autoantibodies

  • Goebel A, Krock E, Gentry C, et al. Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e144201. PMID 34196305 — tags: [igg-passive-transfer, satellite-glial-cells, dorsal-root-ganglion, autoimmunity, landmark] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md, pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Krock E, Morado-Urbina CE, Menezes J, et al. Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms. Pain. 2023;164:1828-1840. PMID 36943275 — tags: [anti-sgc-igg, two-cohorts, severity, autoantibody] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Fanton S, Menezes J, Krock E, et al. Anti-satellite glia cell IgG antibodies in fibromyalgia patients are related to symptom severity and to metabolite concentrations in thalamus and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;114:371-382. PMID 37683961 — tags: [anti-sgc-igg, mrs, fmri, spontaneous-vs-evoked-pain] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Berwick RJ, Sahbaie P, Kenny G, et al. Postacute COVID-19 syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome are associated with anti-satellite glial cell IgG serum autoantibodies but only fibromyalgia syndrome serum-IgG is pronociceptive. Pain. 2025;166:e397-e408. PMID 40408228 — tags: [igg-passive-transfer, replication, post-covid, specificity-critique] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Israel MR, Berwick R, Vastani N, et al. Aβ low threshold mechanoreceptors contribute to sensory abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Brain. 2025;148:4016-4029. PMID 40898777 — tags: [igg-passive-transfer, large-fibre, microneurography, allodynia] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md, pathophysiology-peripheral.md
  • Israel MR, Vastani N, Gentry C, Goebel A, Bevan S, Andersson DA. Mechanical sensitization of sensory afferents after passive transfer of fibromyalgia IgG. J Physiol. 2026. PMID 41955337 — tags: [igg-passive-transfer, after-discharge, skin-nerve-preparation] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Jakobsson JE, Menezes J, Krock E, et al. Fibromyalgia patients have altered lipid concentrations associated with disease symptom severity and anti-satellite glial cell IgG antibodies. J Pain. 2025;29:105331. PMID 39922554 — tags: [lipidomics, anti-sgc-igg, lysophosphatidylcholine, severity] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Jakobsson JE, Carlsson H, Erngren I, et al. Microbially produced bile acids are associated with increased IgG autoantibodies and poorer mental wellbeing in fibromyalgia. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1). PMID 41735414 — tags: [bile-acids, microbiome, anti-sgc-igg, mental-wellbeing] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md

Cytokines and the autoimmune-classification debate

  • Üçeyler N, Häuser W, Sommer C. Systematic review with meta-analysis: cytokines in fibromyalgia syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:245. PMID 22034969 — tags: [meta-analysis, cytokines, il-6, il-8, low-study-quality] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • O'Mahony LF, Srivastava A, Mehta P, Ciurtin C. Is fibromyalgia associated with a unique cytokine profile? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60:2602-2614. PMID 33576773 — tags: [meta-analysis, cytokines, tnf-alpha, il-10, eotaxin] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Clauw D, Sarzi-Puttini P, Pellegrino G, Shoenfeld Y. Is fibromyalgia an autoimmune disorder? Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23:103424. PMID 37634681 — tags: [debate, autoimmunity, review, opposing-viewpoints] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md

Immunotherapy and trial evidence

  • Caro XJ, Winter EF, Dumas AJ. A subset of fibromyalgia patients have findings suggestive of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and appear to respond to IVIg. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:208-11. PMID 18208823 — tags: [ivig, open-label, cidp-like-subgroup, uncontrolled] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Tamburin S, Borg K, Caro XJ, et al. Immunoglobulin G for the treatment of chronic pain: report of an expert workshop. Pain Med. 2014;15:1072-82. PMID 24422915 — tags: [ivig, expert-workshop, chronic-pain] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Chang C, McDonnell P, Gershwin ME. Complex regional pain syndrome — false hopes and miscommunications. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:270-278. PMID 30639650 — tags: [critique, ivig, crps, counter-position] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • de Greef BTA, Geerts M, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Faber CG, Merkies ISJ. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for small fiber neuropathy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:330. PMID 27439408 — tags: [ivig, rct-protocol, small-fibre-neuropathy, NCT02637700] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md

Framing and mechanistic reviews

  • Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311:1547-55. PMID 24737367 — tags: [review, central-sensitization, clinical] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Sluka KA, Clauw DJ. Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. Neuroscience. 2016;338:114-129. PMID 27291641 — tags: [review, neurobiology, peripheral-central-continuum] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md, pathophysiology-peripheral.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Kosek E. The concept of nociplastic pain — where to from here? Pain. 2024;165(11S):S50-S57. PMID 39560415 — tags: [nociplastic-pain, iasp, criteria, framing] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md, pathophysiology-peripheral.md, autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md

Risk, sleep & overlap

Familial aggregation and twin studies

  • Arnold LM, et al. Family study of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:944-52. PMID 15022338 — [family-study, aggregation, mood-coaggregation] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap. Note: notes/arnold-2004-family-study.md
  • Buskila D, Neumann L. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and nonarticular tenderness in relatives of patients with FM. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:941-4. PMID 9150086 — [family-study, tenderness] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Arnold LM, et al. The fibromyalgia family study: a genome-wide linkage scan study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1122-8. PMID 23280346 — [linkage, sibling-recurrence-risk, chr17] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Kato K, et al. Importance of genetic influences on chronic widespread pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1682-6. PMID 16646040 — [twin-study, heritability, CWP] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Kato K, et al. Chronic widespread pain and its comorbidities: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1649-54. PMID 16908799 — [twin-study, comorbidity, co-twin-control] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Kato K, et al. A population-based twin study of functional somatic syndromes. Psychol Med. 2009;39:497-505. PMID 18578896 — [twin-study, latent-traits, functional-somatic-syndromes] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Kato K, et al. Latent class analysis of functional somatic symptoms in a population-based sample of twins. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68:447-53. PMID 20403503 — [latent-class, subtypes] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Markkula RA, Kalso EA, Kaprio JA. Predictors of fibromyalgia: a population-based twin cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:29. PMID 26772544 — [twin-cohort, prospective-predictors] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition

Candidate genes and GWAS

  • Zhang L, et al. Meta-analysis reveals a lack of association between COMT val158met and fibromyalgia. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:8489-97. PMID 25674213 — [COMT, candidate-gene, null-meta-analysis] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Tammimäki A, Männistö PT. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and chronic human pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012;22:673-91. PMID 22722321 — [COMT, chronic-pain] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Lee YH, Song GG. Association of COMT Val158Met polymorphism with fibromyalgia risk and FIQ scores: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2025;43:1002-1009. PMID 40153322 — [COMT, meta-analysis, heterogeneity] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Docampo E, et al. Genome-wide analysis of SNPs and copy number variants in fibromyalgia suggest a role for the central nervous system. Pain. 2014;155:1102-1109. PMID 24582949 — [GWAS, first, MYT1L, NRXN3] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Rahman MS, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies RNF123 locus as associated with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:1227-1235. PMID 33926923 — [GWAS, CWP, UK-Biobank, RNF123, COMT-non-replication] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Kerrebijn I, et al. The genetic architecture of fibromyalgia across 2.5 million individuals. Nat Med. 2026;32:3060-3070. PMID 42521817 — [GWAS, landmark, HTT, brain-enrichment, genetic-correlation] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap. Note: notes/kerrebijn-2026-fm-gwas.md
  • Lin L, et al. Shared latent genetic liability across fibromyalgia and psychiatric traits: genomic structural equation modeling. PLoS Genet. 2026;22:e1012034. PMID 41576141 — [genomic-SEM, shared-liability, psychiatric] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Suri P, et al. No evidence for causal effects of C-reactive protein on chronic pain conditions: a Mendelian randomization study. medRxiv. 2024 (preprint). PMID 39006441 — [Mendelian-randomization, CRP, preprint] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors

Environmental triggers

  • Buskila D, et al. Increased rates of fibromyalgia following cervical spine injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:446-52. PMID 9082932 — [trauma, whiplash, prospective-controlled] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Tishler M, et al. Neck injury and fibromyalgia — are they really associated? J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1183-5. PMID 16652434 — [trauma, whiplash, negative-study] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Buskila D, et al. Fibromyalgia in hepatitis C virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2497-500. PMID 9385302 — [infection, HCV] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Mohammad A, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia among patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46:407-12. PMID 22499073 — [infection, HCV, clinic-bias] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Buchwald D, et al. The "chronic, active Epstein-Barr virus infection" syndrome and primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30:1132-6. PMID 2823835 — [infection, EBV, negative-serology] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Buchwald D, et al. Viral serologies in patients with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Virol. 1996;50:25-30. PMID 8890037 — [infection, serology, negative] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Dinerman H, Steere AC. Lyme disease associated with fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:281-5. PMID 1637022 — [infection, Lyme, antibiotic-non-response] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Steere AC, et al. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993;269:1812-6. PMID 8459513 — [Lyme, misdiagnosis] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Hickie I, et al. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006;333:575. PMID 16950834 — [post-infective, Dubbo, prospective] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Ursini F, et al. Fibromyalgia: a new facet of the post-COVID-19 syndrome spectrum? RMD Open. 2021;7:e001735. PMID 34426540 — [post-COVID, survey] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Ciaffi J, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 joint pain and new onset of rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic review. Diagnostics. 2023;13:1850. PMID 37296705 — [post-COVID, systematic-review] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Plaut S. Systematic scoping review of new-onset fibromyalgia after non-hospitalized COVID-19. J Transl Med. 2026;24(1). PMID 42174645 — [post-COVID, methodology-critique] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Liu A, et al. COVID-19 vaccination reduces new-onset fibromyalgia risk in survivors. BMC Med. 2025;23:255. PMID 40312371 — [post-COVID, vaccination, TriNetX] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Häuser W, et al. Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: systematic review with meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63:808-20. PMID 20722042 — [abuse, meta-analysis, quality-confounding] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Bussières A, et al. Adverse childhood experience and chronic pain in adulthood: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2023;14:2284025. PMID 38111090 — [ACE, dose-response, meta-analysis] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Afari N, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:2-11. PMID 24336429 — [trauma, PTSD, meta-analysis] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, comorbidities-and-overlap

Prospective predictors of CWP/FM

  • McBeth J, et al. Features of somatization predict the onset of chronic widespread pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:940-6. PMID 11315933 — [prospective, somatization] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors
  • Gupta A, et al. The role of psychosocial factors in predicting the onset of chronic widespread pain. Rheumatology. 2007;46:666-71. PMID 17085772 — [prospective, sleep, illness-behavior] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Mork PJ, Nilsen TI. Sleep problems and risk of fibromyalgia: longitudinal data on an adult female population in Norway. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:281-4. PMID 22081440 — [prospective, HUNT, sleep, dose-response] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • McBeth J, et al. Predictors of new-onset widespread pain in older adults. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:757-67. PMID 24574238 — [prospective, nonrestorative-sleep] — cited by: genetics-and-risk-factors, sleep-fatigue-cognition

Sleep, fatigue, cognition

  • Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R, Smythe H. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbance in patients with "fibrositis syndrome" and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med. 1975;37:341-51. PMID 169541 — [alpha-delta, landmark, non-restorative-sleep] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition. Note: notes/moldofsky-1975-alpha-delta.md
  • Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P. Induction of neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome by selective sleep stage deprivation. Psychosom Med. 1976;38:35-44. PMID 176677 — [SWS-deprivation, symptom-induction] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Older SA, et al. The effects of delta wave sleep interruption on pain thresholds and fibromyalgia-like symptoms in healthy subjects; correlations with IGF-I. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1180-6. PMID 9632083 — [failed-replication, IGF-1] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Lentz MJ, et al. Effects of selective slow wave sleep disruption on musculoskeletal pain and fatigue in middle aged women. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1586-92. PMID 10405949 — [partial-replication, no-alpha-EEG] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Wu YL, et al. Sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Psychosom Res. 2017;96:89-97. PMID 28545798 — [polysomnography, meta-analysis, subjective-objective-gap] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Bigatti SM, et al. Sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia syndrome: relationship to pain and depression. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:961-7. PMID 18576297 — [longitudinal, path-analysis, sleep-precedes-pain] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Bell T, et al. Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in fibromyalgia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2018;40:698-714. PMID 29388512 — [fibrofog, meta-analysis, effect-sizes] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition
  • Gelonch O, et al. Cognitive complaints in women with fibromyalgia: are they due to depression or to objective cognitive dysfunction? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2017;39:1013-1025. PMID 28301977 — [fibrofog, subjective-complaint, depression] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition

Comorbidity and overlap

  • Maixner W, et al. Overlapping chronic pain conditions: implications for diagnosis and classification. J Pain. 2016;17(9 Suppl):T93-T107. PMID 27586833 — [COPC, framework] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Goldenberg DL, et al. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:381-7. PMID 2317224 — [ME/CFS-overlap] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Aaron LA, Burke MM, Buchwald D. Overlapping conditions among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:221-7. PMID 10647761 — [overlap, IBS, TMD, CFS] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Abbi B, Natelson BH. Is chronic fatigue syndrome the same illness as fibromyalgia. QJM. 2013;106:3-9. PMID 22927538 — [FM-CFS-boundary] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Natelson BH. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: definitions, similarities, and differences. Clin Ther. 2019;41:612-618. PMID 30795933 — [FM-CFS-boundary] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Yakkaphan P, et al. Temporomandibular disorders and fibromyalgia prevalence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2023;37:177-193. PMID 37975782 — [TMD, meta-analysis] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Dong Z, et al. The prevalence and clinical features of fibromyalgia in Chinese hospital patients with primary headache. Headache. 2023;63:62-70. PMID 36651491 — [migraine, tension-type-headache] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Alagiri M, et al. Interstitial cystitis: unexplained associations with other chronic disease and pain syndromes. Urology. 1997;49(5A Suppl):52-7. PMID 9146002 — [interstitial-cystitis] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Bullones Rodríguez MÁ, Afari N, Buchwald DS. Evidence for overlap between urological and nonurological unexplained clinical conditions. J Urol. 2013;189(1 Suppl):S66-74. PMID 23234637 — [urological-COPC, review] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Sinaii N, et al. High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2715-24. PMID 12351553 — [endometriosis, survey] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Løge-Hagen JS, et al. Prevalence of depressive disorder among patients with fibromyalgia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:1098-1105. PMID 30699852 — [depression, prevalence, meta-analysis] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Kleykamp BA, et al. The prevalence of psychiatric and chronic pain comorbidities in fibromyalgia: an ACTTION systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51:166-174. PMID 33383293 — [psychiatric-comorbidity, systematic-review] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Duffield SJ, et al. Concomitant fibromyalgia complicating chronic inflammatory arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology. 2018;57:1453-1460. PMID 29788461 — [RA, axSpA, PsA, disease-activity-scores] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Morand EF, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1994;3:187-91. PMID 7951304 — [SLE, disease-activity] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap
  • Giesecke T, et al. Subgrouping of fibromyalgia patients on the basis of pressure-pain thresholds and psychological factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2916-22. PMID 14558098 — [subgroups, cluster-analysis] — cited by: comorbidities-and-overlap

Clinical management

Drug therapy — systematic reviews and meta-analyses

  • Moore RA, et al. Amitriptyline for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 (record 2019);5(7):CD011824. PMID 35658166. [amitriptyline, Cochrane, NNT] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Welsch P, et al. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:CD010292. PMID 29489029. [duloxetine, milnacipran, Cochrane, NNT/NNH] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Lunn MP, et al. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD007115. PMID 24385423. [duloxetine, Cochrane] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Cording M, et al. Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD008244. PMID 26482422. [milnacipran, Cochrane, LOCF] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Derry S, et al. Pregabalin for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD011790. PMID 27684492. [pregabalin, Cochrane, EERW, landmark-note] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Cooper TE, et al. Gabapentin for fibromyalgia pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1:CD012188. PMID 28045473. [gabapentin, Cochrane] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Tofferi JK, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia with cyclobenzaprine: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:9-13. PMID 14872449. [cyclobenzaprine, meta-analysis] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Häuser W, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301:198-209. PMID 19141768. [antidepressants, TCA/SSRI/SNRI effect sizes] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Birkinshaw H, et al. Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5:CD014682. PMID 37160297. [antidepressants, network meta-analysis, duloxetine] → pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Nüesch E, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in fibromyalgia syndrome: network meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:955-62. PMID 22739992. [network meta-analysis, comparative effectiveness] → pharmacologic-therapy, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Walitt B, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD011735. PMID 26046493. [SSRI, Cochrane] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • da Rocha AP, et al. Tramadol for management of fibromyalgia pain and symptoms: systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74:e13455. PMID 31799728. [tramadol, systematic review] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Derry S, et al. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:CD012332. PMID 28349517. [NSAIDs, Cochrane, negative] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Gaskell H, et al. Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD012329. PMID 27582266. [opioids, Cochrane, empty review] → pharmacologic-therapy, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Goldenberg DL, et al. Opioid use in fibromyalgia: a cautionary tale. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:640-8. PMID 26975749. [opioids, harms, real-world] → pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Walitt B, et al. Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:CD011694. PMID 27428009. [cannabinoids, nabilone, Cochrane] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Giossi R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis seem to indicate that cannabinoids for chronic primary pain treatment have limited benefit. Pain Ther. 2022;11:1341-1358. PMID 36129666. [cannabinoids, chronic primary pain] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Hegde NC, et al. Low dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025;29:96. PMID 40540205. [LDN, meta-analysis] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Gouda AHK, et al. Low-dose naltrexone: what is the evidence? A narrative review. Adv Ther. 2026;43:2852-2870. PMID 42060160. [LDN, review] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Thorpe J, et al. Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:CD010585. PMID 29457627. [combination therapy, Cochrane] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Al-Qudah AA, Al-Hanaktah M. Short-term efficacy and safety of sublingual cyclobenzaprine for fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2026;45:1947-1957. PMID 41318845. [TNX-102 SL, meta-analysis] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Maggi BG, et al. Efficacy and safety of TNX-102 SL in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Manag. 2025;15:1055-1063. PMID 41047726. [TNX-102 SL, meta-analysis] → pharmacologic-therapy

Drug therapy — key RCTs and pharmacology

  • Crofford LJ, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1264-73. PMID 15818684. [pregabalin, pivotal RCT] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Crofford LJ, et al. Fibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with pregabalin. Pain. 2008;136:419-431. PMID 18400400. [pregabalin, EERW, durability] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Arnold LM, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain. 2005;119:5-15. PMID 16298061. [duloxetine, pivotal RCT, depression-independence] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Clauw DJ, et al. Milnacipran for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults: a 15-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose clinical trial. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1988-2004. PMID 19108787. [milnacipran, pivotal RCT, composite responder] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Russell IJ, et al. Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves function in fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:299-309. PMID 19116896. [sodium oxybate, RCT, composite endpoint, never approved] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Clark S, Tindall E, Bennett RM. A double blind crossover trial of prednisone versus placebo in the treatment of fibrositis. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:980-3. PMID 3910836. [corticosteroids, negative RCT, historical] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Younger J, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:529-38. PMID 23359310. [LDN, pilot crossover RCT] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Due Bruun K, et al. Naltrexone 6 mg once daily versus placebo in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024;6:e31-e39. PMID 38258677. [LDN, confirmatory RCT, negative] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Gilron I, et al. Combination of pregabalin with duloxetine for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2016;157:1532-40. PMID 26982602. [combination therapy, crossover RCT] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Lederman S, et al. Efficacy and safety of sublingual cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of fibromyalgia (RELIEF). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75:2359-2368. PMID 37165930. [TNX-102 SL, phase 3 RCT] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Lederman S, et al. Pain relief by targeting nonrestorative sleep in fibromyalgia: a phase 3 randomized trial of bedtime sublingual cyclobenzaprine (RESILIENT). Pain Med. 2026;27:86-94. PMID 40627411. [TNX-102 SL, phase 3 RCT, NCT05273749] → pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Sullivan GM, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of TNX-102 SL (approved as TONMYA) with daily dosing in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2026;15:e70060. PMID 41948806. [TNX-102 SL, PK, FDA approval documentation] → pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines
  • Daugherty BL, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetic assessment of TNX-102 SL (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablets). Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2026;15:e70034. PMID 41749492. [TNX-102 SL, PK, norcyclobenzaprine] → pharmacologic-therapy

Drug therapy — regulatory, adherence, real-world

  • Briley M. Drugs to treat fibromyalgia — the transatlantic difference. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010;11:16-8. PMID 20047155. [FDA vs EMA, regulatory] → pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines
  • Calandre EP, et al. An update on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16:1347-68. PMID 26001183. [pharmacotherapy review, FDA/EMA status] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Cui Z, et al. Predictors of duloxetine adherence and persistence in patients with fibromyalgia. J Pain Res. 2012;5:193-201. PMID 22792005. [adherence, claims data] → pharmacologic-therapy
  • Kleinman NL, et al. Health outcomes and costs among employees with fibromyalgia treated with pregabalin vs. standard of care. Pain Pract. 2011;11:540-51. PMID 21392253. [real-world, costs, adherence] → pharmacologic-therapy

Non-pharmacologic therapy

  • Bidonde J, et al. Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD012700. PMID 28636204. [exercise, Cochrane, landmark-note] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Busch AJ, et al. Resistance exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD010884. PMID 24362925. [resistance training, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Bidonde J, et al. Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;10:CD011336. PMID 25350761. [aquatic exercise, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Bidonde J, et al. Mixed exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;5:CD013340. PMID 31124142. [mixed exercise, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Kim SY, et al. Flexibility exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9:CD013419. PMID 31476271. [flexibility, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Bidonde J, et al. Whole body vibration exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD011755. PMID 28950401. [WBV, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Wang C, et al. Effect of tai chi versus aerobic exercise for fibromyalgia: comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2018;360:k851. PMID 29563100. [tai chi, comparative effectiveness RCT] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Bernardy K, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;9:CD009796. PMID 24018611. [CBT, Cochrane, durability] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Eastwood F, Godfrey E. The efficacy, acceptability and safety of acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Pain. 2024;18:243-256. PMID 38751564. [ACT, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Lauche R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2013;75:500-10. PMID 24290038. [MBSR, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Maas genannt Bermpohl F, et al. Efficacy of mindfulness- and acceptance-based cognitive-behavioral therapies for bodily distress in adults: a meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1160908. PMID 37151971. [third-wave therapies, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Häuser W, et al. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:216-24. PMID 19177530. [multicomponent, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Naumann J, Sadaghiani C. Therapeutic benefit of balneotherapy and hydrotherapy in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R141. PMID 25000940. [balneotherapy, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Deare JC, et al. Acupuncture for treating fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD007070. PMID 23728665. [acupuncture, sham control, Cochrane] → non-pharmacologic-therapy, outcomes-and-measurement
  • Toh EYJ, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for fibromyalgia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2022;84:400-409. PMID 35100184. [rTMS, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Zhu CE, et al. Effectiveness and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2017;49:2-9. PMID 27983739. [tDCS, meta-analysis] → non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Gendreau RM, et al. Self-guided digital behavioural therapy versus active control for fibromyalgia (PROSPER-FM): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;404:364-374. PMID 38991582. [digital therapeutics, ACT, phase 3 RCT] → non-pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines

Guidelines and guideline analysis

  • Macfarlane GJ, et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:318-328. PMID 27377815. [EULAR, guideline, landmark-note] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Fitzcharles MA, et al. 2012 Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18:119-26. PMID 23748251. [Canadian guideline] → guidelines, pharmacologic-therapy, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Fitzcharles MA, et al. Canadian Pain Society and Canadian Rheumatology Association recommendations for rational care of persons with fibromyalgia: a summary report. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1388-93. PMID 23818709. [Canadian guideline] → guidelines
  • Häuser W, Nothacker M. [Methodology report of the 2017 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome]. Schmerz. 2017;31:200-230. PMID 28493230. [AWMF S3, methodology] → guidelines
  • Sommer C, et al. [Drug therapy of fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:274-284. PMID 28493231. [AWMF S3, drug therapy] → guidelines, pharmacologic-therapy
  • Winkelmann A, et al. [Physiotherapy, occupational therapy and physical therapy in fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:255-265. PMID 28493223. [AWMF S3, physical therapy] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Langhorst J, et al. [Complementary and alternative procedures for fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:289-295. PMID 28493227. [AWMF S3, CAM] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Schiltenwolf M, et al. [Multimodal therapy of fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:285-288. PMID 28493228. [AWMF S3, multimodal] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Petzke F, et al. [General treatment principles, coordination of care and patient education in fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:246-254. PMID 28493229. [AWMF S3, education, stepped care] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Häuser W, et al. [Twelve years of the S3 guideline Fibromyalgia Syndrome — a never-ending war?]. Schmerz. 2017;31:197-199. PMID 28493222. [AWMF S3, editorial, contested illness] → guidelines
  • Üçeyler N, et al. [Etiology and pathophysiology of fibromyalgia syndrome: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:239-245. PMID 28493226. [AWMF S3, etiology] → guidelines
  • Draheim N, et al. [Definition, diagnostics and therapy of chronic widespread pain and the (so-called) fibromyalgia syndrome in children and adolescents: updated guidelines 2017]. Schmerz. 2017;31:296-307. PMID 28493225. [AWMF S3, pediatric] → guidelines
  • Carville S, et al. Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2021;373:n895. PMID 33883123. [NICE NG193] → guidelines, pharmacologic-therapy, non-pharmacologic-therapy, red-flags-and-safety-concerns
  • Korwisi B, et al. Not really nice: a commentary on the recent version of NICE guidelines [NG193] by the Pain Net. Pain Rep. 2021;6:e961. PMID 34712885. [NICE NG193, critique] → guidelines, pharmacologic-therapy
  • Thieme K, Mathys M, Turk DC. Evidenced-based guidelines on the treatment of fibromyalgia patients: are they consistent and if not, why not? J Pain. 2017;18:747-756. PMID 28034828. [guideline comparison] → guidelines
  • Zambelli Z, et al. The 2021 NICE guidelines for assessment and management of chronic pain: a cross-sectional study mapping against a sample of 1,000 in the community. Br J Pain. 2022;16:439-449. PMID 36032346. [NICE NG193, implementation] → guidelines, non-pharmacologic-therapy
  • Arumugam V, MacDermid JC. Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guideline: EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. J Physiother. 2019;65:112. PMID 30852147. [EULAR, appraisal] → guidelines

Outcomes, measurement, trial design

  • Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: development and validation. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:728-33. PMID 1865419. [FIQ, instrument] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Bennett RM, et al. The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR): validation and psychometric properties. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R120. PMID 19664287. [FIQR, instrument, landmark-note] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Bennett RM, et al. Minimal clinically important difference in the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1304-11. PMID 19369473. [FIQ, MCID, severity bands] → outcomes-and-measurement, guidelines
  • Mease P, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome module at OMERACT 9: domain construct. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2318-29. PMID 19820221. [OMERACT, core domain set] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Mease PJ, et al. Toward development of a fibromyalgia responder index and disease activity score: OMERACT module update. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1487-95. PMID 21724721. [OMERACT, responder index] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Arnold LM, et al. Development of responder definitions for fibromyalgia clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:885-94. PMID 21953205. [responder definitions, composite endpoints] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Häuser W, et al. [Placebo responders in randomized controlled drug trials of fibromyalgia syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis]. Schmerz. 2011;25:619-31. PMID 22120916. [placebo response] → outcomes-and-measurement
  • Häuser W, et al. Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised controlled trials of drugs applying for approval for fibromyalgia syndrome treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(6 Suppl 74):78-87. PMID 23137770. [placebo, nocebo] → outcomes-and-measurement, pharmacologic-therapy

Patient-reported treatment landscape

  • Bennett RM, et al. An internet survey of 2,596 people with fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:27. PMID 17349056. [patient survey, treatment use, symptom priorities] → pharmacologic-therapy, non-pharmacologic-therapy, guidelines, outcomes-and-measurement

Research frontier

Genetics and GWAS

  • Kerrebijn I, et al. The genetic architecture of fibromyalgia across 2.5 million individuals. Nat Med. 2026;32:3060-3070. PMID 42521817 — tags: [gwas, fibromyalgia, heritability, HTT, GPR52, genetic-correlation, landmark] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Kerrebijn I, et al. The genetic architecture of fibromyalgia across 2.5 million individuals. medRxiv preprint. 2025. PMID 41001472 — tags: [gwas, preprint, fibromyalgia] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Johnston KJA, Adams MJ, Nicholl BI, et al. Genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet. 2019;15:e1008164. PMID 31194737 — tags: [gwas, multisite-chronic-pain, snp-heritability, mendelian-randomization, uk-biobank, landmark] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Johnston KJA, Ward J, Ray PR, et al. Sex-stratified genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank. PLoS Genet. 2021;17:e1009428. PMID 33830993 — tags: [gwas, sex-differences, DCC, dorsal-root-ganglion, uk-biobank] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Rahman MS, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies RNF123 locus as associated with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:1227-1235. PMID 33926923 — tags: [gwas, chronic-widespread-pain, RNF123, replication, skeletal-muscle] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Pan Q, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies novel genetic variants associated with widespread pain in the UK Biobank (n = 172,230). Mol Pain. 2025;21:17448069251346603. PMID 40509746 — tags: [gwas, widespread-pain, uk-biobank, sex-stratified] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Moscati A, et al. Life is pain: fibromyalgia as a nexus of multiple liability distributions. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2023;192:171-182. PMID 37334860 — tags: [gwas, null-result, polygenic-score, comorbidity, biobank] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Gorman BR, et al. Genome-wide association study of dry eye disease reveals shared heritability with systemic comorbidities. medRxiv preprint. 2025. PMID 40166553 — tags: [gwas, genetic-correlation, dry-eye, chronic-pain-latent-factor, preprint] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Petrucci-Nelson T, et al. Complex genetics and regulatory drivers of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: insights from genome-wide association study meta-analysis. medRxiv preprint. 2025. PMID 41001447 — tags: [gwas, hEDS, ACKR3, genetic-correlation, preprint] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Hirsch AG, et al. A comparison of genome-wide association analyses of persistent symptoms after Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, and myalgic encephalomyelitis - chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:265. PMID 39994562 — tags: [gwas, post-infectious, PTLDS, me-cfs, negative-result] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md

Gut microbiome

  • Minerbi A, Gonzalez E, Brereton NJB, et al. Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2019;160:2589-2602. PMID 31219947 — tags: [microbiome, 16S, machine-learning, butyrate, propionate, landmark] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md, biomarkers.md
  • Minerbi A, Fitzcharles MA. Gut microbiome: pertinence in fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38 Suppl 123:99-104. PMID 32116215 — tags: [microbiome, review, mechanism] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Minerbi A, Brereton NJB, Anjarkouchian A, et al. Dietary intake is unlikely to explain symptom severity and syndrome-specific microbiome alterations in a cohort of women with fibromyalgia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3254. PMID 35328942 — tags: [microbiome, diet, confounding, negative-control] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Minerbi A, Gonzalez E, Brereton N, Fitzcharles MA, Chevalier S, Shir Y. Altered serum bile acid profile in fibromyalgia is associated with specific gut microbiome changes and symptom severity. Pain. 2023;164:e66-e76. PMID 35587528 — tags: [microbiome, bile-acids, metabolomics, alpha-muricholic-acid, symptom-severity] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md, biomarkers.md
  • Minerbi A, Khoutorsky A, Shir Y. Decoding the connection: unraveling the role of gut microbiome in fibromyalgia. Pain Rep. 2024;10:e1224. PMID 39726854 — tags: [microbiome, review, fmt] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Cai W, Haddad M, Haddad R, et al. The gut microbiota promotes pain in fibromyalgia. Neuron. 2025;113:2161-2175.e13. PMID 40280127 — tags: [microbiome, fecal-microbiota-transplantation, germ-free-mice, causal, open-label-trial, landmark] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Celik G, Yanik E, Inan N, Yalinay AM. Absence of a consistent gut or oral microbial signature in fibromyalgia under strictly controlled clinical conditions: a multi-compartment 16S rRNA analysis. Pain Physician. 2026;29:E407-E416. PMID 42550534 — tags: [microbiome, null-result, replication-failure, oral-microbiome] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md, biomarkers.md
  • Kim Y, Kim GT, Kang J. Microbial composition and stool short chain fatty acid levels in fibromyalgia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:3183. PMID 36833885 — tags: [microbiome, short-chain-fatty-acids, propionate, replication] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Lopez de Coca T, Muñoz-Almaraz FJ, Martinez-Blanch JF, Moreno L. Exploring gut microbiota alterations and their associations with clinical symptoms in fibromyalgia. Sci Rep. 2025;16:2327. PMID 41390899 — tags: [microbiome, SIBO, alpha-diversity, replication] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Baldi S, Pagliai G, Dinu M, et al. Effect of ancient Khorasan wheat on gut microbiota, inflammation, and short-chain fatty acid production in patients with fibromyalgia. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28:1965-1980. PMID 35664958 — tags: [microbiome, diet-intervention, crossover-rct, butyrate] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md

Metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics

  • Zetterman T, Nieminen AI, Markkula R, Kalso E, Lötsch J. Machine learning identifies fatigue as a key symptom of fibromyalgia reflected in tyrosine, purine, pyrimidine, and glutaminergic metabolism. Clin Transl Sci. 2024;17:e13740. PMID 38411371 — tags: [metabolomics, machine-learning, stress-challenge, fatigue, circularity] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Gkouvi A, Tsiogkas SG, Bogdanos DP, Gika H, Goulis DG, Grammatikopoulou MG. Proteomics in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review of observational studies. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024;28:565-586. PMID 38652420 — tags: [proteomics, systematic-review, complement, coagulation, transferrin] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Durán-González E, Ramírez-Tejero JA, Pérez-Sánchez M, et al. Fibromyalgia diagnosis from a multi-omics approach: a gut feeling. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1641185. PMID 41113645 — tags: [multi-omics, proteome, metagenome, diagnostic-algorithm, commercial] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Bonastre-Férez J, Giménez-Orenga K, Falaguera-Vera FJ, Garcia-Escudero M, Oltra E. Manual therapy improves fibromyalgia symptoms by downregulating SIK1. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:9523. PMID 39273470 — tags: [transcriptomics, SIK1, pbmc, pharmacodynamic-marker, manual-therapy] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Robl R, Eudy A, Bachali PS, et al. Molecular endotypes of type 1 and type 2 SLE. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10:e000861. PMID 36720488 — tags: [transcriptomics, sle-overlap, fatigue, gene-coexpression] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Monzón-Nomdedeu MB, Morten KJ, Oltra E. Induced pluripotent stem cells as suitable sensors for fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. World J Stem Cells. 2021;13:1134-1150. PMID 34567431 — tags: [metabolomics, ipsc, plasma-factor, me-cfs, hypothesis] — cited by: (not cited; retained as background)

Biomarker candidates — blood, imaging, sensory

  • Kumbhare D, Hassan S, Diep D, et al. Potential role of blood biomarkers in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2022;163:1232-1253. PMID 34966131 — tags: [biomarkers, cytokines, meta-analysis, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, BDNF, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Behm FG, Gavin IM, Karpenko O, et al. Unique immunologic patterns in fibromyalgia. BMC Clin Pathol. 2012;12:25. PMID 23245186 — tags: [biomarkers, cytokine-assay, FM/a-test, commercial, spectrum-bias] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Beiner E, Lucas V, Reichert J, et al. Stress biomarkers in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2023;164:1416-1427. PMID 36728497 — tags: [biomarkers, hpa-axis, cortisol, publication-bias, meta-analysis] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Sedda S, Cadoni MPL, Medici S, et al. Fibromyalgia, depression, and autoimmune disorders: an interconnected web of inflammation. Biomedicines. 2025;13:503. PMID 40002916 — tags: [biomarkers, inflammation, depression, autoimmunity, systematic-review] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Hackshaw KV, Aykas DP, Sigurdson GT, et al. Metabolic fingerprinting for diagnosis of fibromyalgia and other rheumatologic disorders. J Biol Chem. 2019;294:2555-2568. PMID 30523152 — tags: [biomarkers, vibrational-spectroscopy, FT-IR, raman, disease-controls, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Yao S, Bao H, Nuguri SM, et al. Rapid biomarker-based diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome and related rheumatologic disorders by portable FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Biomedicines. 2023;11:712. PMID 36979691 — tags: [biomarkers, vibrational-spectroscopy, portable-FT-IR, OPLS-DA, disease-controls] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • López-Solà M, Woo CW, Pujol J, et al. Towards a neurophysiological signature for fibromyalgia. Pain. 2017;158:34-47. PMID 27583567 — tags: [biomarkers, neuroimaging, fmri-classifier, neurologic-pain-signature, multisensory, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Thanh Nhu N, Chen DY, Kang JH. Identification of resting-state network functional connectivity and brain structural signatures in fibromyalgia using a machine learning approach. Biomedicines. 2022;10:3002. PMID 36551758 — tags: [biomarkers, neuroimaging, machine-learning, resting-state, overfitting-risk] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Boissoneault J, Sevel L, Letzen J, Robinson M, Staud R. Biomarkers for musculoskeletal pain conditions: use of brain imaging and machine learning. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017;19:5. PMID 28144827 — tags: [biomarkers, neuroimaging, machine-learning, review, ethics] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Smeets Y, Soer R, Chatziantoniou E, et al. Role of non-invasive objective markers for the rehabilitative diagnosis of central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2024;37:525-584. PMID 38073369 — tags: [biomarkers, quantitative-sensory-testing, central-sensitization, systematic-review] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • de la Coba P, Bruehl S, Reyes del Paso GA. Slowly repeated evoked pain (SREP) as a central sensitization marker in episodic migraine patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4582. PMID 33633294 — tags: [biomarkers, quantitative-sensory-testing, SREP, diagnostic-accuracy] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Marshall A, Elshafei M, Preston FG, et al. Small fibre pathology in fibromyalgia: a review. Pain Ther. 2025;14:461-478. PMID 39806197 — tags: [small-fibre-neuropathy, corneal-confocal-microscopy, quantitative-sensory-testing, review] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Emir B, Masters ET, Mardekian J, Clair A, Kuhn M, Silverman SL. Identification of a potential fibromyalgia diagnosis using random forest modeling applied to electronic medical records. J Pain Res. 2015;8:277-88. PMID 26089700 — tags: [machine-learning, electronic-health-records, random-forest, diagnostic-delay] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Maarseveen TD, Reimann F, Al Hasan A, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of the Frysian Questionnaire for Differentiation of Musculoskeletal Complaints for triage of musculoskeletal diseases: algorithm development and validation study. JMIR Med Inform. 2025;13:e77345. PMID 41248315 — tags: [machine-learning, triage, external-validation, questionnaire] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Venerito V, Lopalco G, Morrone M, et al. fAI-BRO: a multimodal AI decision-support system to address diagnostic delay in fibromyalgia syndrome. RMD Open. 2026;12:e006995. PMID 42442924 — tags: [machine-learning, multimodal-ai, disease-controls, post-hoc-threshold, diagnostic-delay] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Negrini F, de Sire A, Lazzarini SG, et al. Reliability of activity monitors for physical activity assessment in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2021;34:915-923. PMID 33935067 — tags: [wearables, digital-phenotyping, activity-monitors, standardisation] — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md

Autoimmunity / IgG (frontier-relevant subset; see autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md for the full set)

  • Goebel A, Krock E, Gentry C, et al. Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e144201. PMID 34196305 — tags: [autoimmunity, igg, passive-transfer, satellite-glial-cells, landmark] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Tracey KJ. From human to mouse and back offers hope for patients with fibromyalgia. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e150382. PMID 34196306 — tags: [autoimmunity, commentary, igg] — cited by: (not cited; companion commentary to PMID 34196305)
  • Israel MR, Berwick R, Vastani N, et al. Aβ low threshold mechanoreceptors contribute to sensory abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Brain. 2025;148:4016-4029. PMID 40898777 — tags: [autoimmunity, igg, mechanoreceptors, cold-allodynia] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Berwick RJ, Sahbaie P, Kenny G, et al. Postacute COVID-19 syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome are associated with anti-satellite glial cell IgG serum autoantibodies but only fibromyalgia syndrome serum-IgG is pronociceptive. Pain. 2025;166:e397-e408. PMID 40408228 — tags: [autoimmunity, igg, specificity-failure, long-covid, satellite-glial-cells] — cited by: biomarkers.md, omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • Zeidman LA, Kubicki K. Clinical features and treatment response in immune-mediated small fiber neuropathy with trisulfated heparin disaccharide or fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 antibodies. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2021;22:192-199. PMID 34019003 — tags: [autoantibodies, TS-HDS, FGFR-3, small-fibre-neuropathy, misdiagnosis, ivig] — cited by: biomarkers.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Zeidman LA. Advances in the management of small fiber neuropathy. Neurol Clin. 2021;39:113-131. PMID 33223078 — tags: [small-fibre-neuropathy, ivig, review] — cited by: (not cited; background)

Clinical trials — results and methodology

  • Lederman S, Arnold LM, Vaughn B, Kelley M, Sullivan GM. Efficacy and safety of sublingual cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of fibromyalgia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res. 2023;75:2359-2368. PMID 37165930 — tags: [rct, phase-3, TNX-102-SL, RELIEF, cyclobenzaprine] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Lederman S, Arnold LM, Vaughn B, Engels JM, Kelley M, Sullivan GM. Pain relief by targeting nonrestorative sleep in fibromyalgia: a phase 3 randomized trial of bedtime sublingual cyclobenzaprine. Pain Med. 2026;27:86-94. PMID 40627411 — tags: [rct, phase-3, TNX-102-SL, RESILIENT, sleep, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Abd-Elsayed A, Knezic A, Asfour J, Dewan P, Hasoon J, Reilly M. Sublingual cyclobenzaprine for fibromyalgia: pharmacokinetic rationale, clinical evidence, and place in therapy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026;30:1. PMID 42479282 — tags: [review, TNX-102-SL, fda-approval-2025, 5-HT2A, place-in-therapy] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Gendreau RM, McCracken LM, Williams DA, et al. Self-guided digital behavioural therapy versus active control for fibromyalgia (PROSPER-FM): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;404:364-374. PMID 38991582 — tags: [rct, phase-3, digital-therapeutic, acceptance-commitment-therapy, active-control, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Bruun KD, Christensen R, Amris K, et al. Naltrexone 6 mg once daily versus placebo in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024;6:e31-e39. PMID 38258677 — tags: [rct, low-dose-naltrexone, negative-result, FINAL-trial] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Bruun KD, Christensen R, Amris K, et al. Effect of naltrexone on spinal and supraspinal pain mechanisms and functional capacity in women with fibromyalgia: exploratory outcomes from the randomized placebo-controlled FINAL trial. CNS Drugs. 2025;39:685-692. PMID 40214857 — tags: [rct, low-dose-naltrexone, conditioned-pain-modulation, quantitative-sensory-testing, secondary-analysis] — cited by: biomarkers.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Aday JS, McAfee J, Conroy DA, et al. Preliminary safety and effectiveness of psilocybin-assisted therapy in adults with fibromyalgia: an open-label pilot clinical trial. Front Pain Res. 2025;6:1527783. PMID 40171515 — tags: [psilocybin, open-label, pilot, psychedelic, early-termination] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Russell IJ, Holman AJ, Swick TJ, Alvarez-Horine S, Wang GY, Guinta D. Sodium oxybate reduces pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance and improves functionality in fibromyalgia: results from a 14-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2011;152:1007-1017. PMID 21397402 — tags: [rct, phase-3, sodium-oxybate, positive-result, unapproved] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Spaeth M, Bennett RM, Benson BA, Wang YG, Lai C, Choy EH. Sodium oxybate therapy provides multidimensional improvement in fibromyalgia: results of an international phase 3 trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:935-42. PMID 22294641 — tags: [rct, phase-3, sodium-oxybate, international, sleep] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Spaeth M, Alegre C, Perrot S, et al. Long-term tolerability and maintenance of therapeutic response to sodium oxybate in an open-label extension study in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R185. PMID 24286114 — tags: [open-label-extension, sodium-oxybate, long-term-safety] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Reuter E, Tafelski S, Thieme K, et al. [Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a randomized controlled study]. Schmerz. 2017;31:149-158. PMID 27807735 — tags: [rct, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, negative-result, behavioural-therapy] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Metyas S, Chen C, Quismorio A, Abdo N, Kamel K. Improvement of nerve fiber density in fibromyalgia patients treated with IVIg. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2020;16:280-284. PMID 31702528 — tags: [ivig, small-fibre-neuropathy, retrospective, case-series] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Pathak A, Kelleher EM, Brennan I, et al. Treatments for enhancing sleep quality in fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64:4495-4516. PMID 40084994 — tags: [meta-analysis, sleep, cbt-insomnia, pregabalin, sodium-oxybate] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Häuser W, Bartram-Wunn E, Bartram C, Reinecke H, Tölle T. Systematic review: placebo response in drug trials of fibromyalgia syndrome and painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy — magnitude and patient-related predictors. Pain. 2011;152:1709-1717. PMID 21429668 — tags: [placebo-response, meta-analysis, trial-design, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Häuser W, Bartram-Wunn E, Bartram C, Tölle TR. [Placebo responders in randomized controlled drug trials of fibromyalgia syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis]. Schmerz. 2011;25:619-31. PMID 22120916 — tags: [placebo-response, meta-analysis, responder-rates] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Häuser W, Sarzi-Puttini P, Tölle TR, Wolfe F. Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised controlled trials of drugs applying for approval for fibromyalgia syndrome treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(6 Suppl 74):78-87. PMID 23137770 — tags: [placebo-response, nocebo, registration-trials, trial-design, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Kopsky DJ, Szadek KM, Schober P, Vrancken AFJE, Steegers MAH. Study design characteristics and endpoints for enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials for chronic pain patients: a systematic review. J Pain Res. 2022;15:479-496. PMID 35210848 — tags: [trial-design, enriched-enrolment, randomized-withdrawal, endpoints] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Moore RA, Derry S, Wiffen PJ. Challenges in design and interpretation of chronic pain trials. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:38-45. PMID 23794643 — tags: [trial-design, imputation, responder-analysis, bias, landmark] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Registered trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, retrieved 2026-08-28)

Drug — approved / regulatory track

  • NCT01903265 — Phase 2b/3 TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg vs placebo, Tonix, n=205, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02015234 — F202, 12-month open-label extension TNX-102 SL, n=158, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02436096 — AFFIRM, Phase 3 TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg, n=519, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02589275 — 3-month open-label extension TNX-102 SL, n=375, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02829814 — Phase 3 TNX-102 SL 2.8 mg, n=51, terminated — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04172831 — RELIEF, Phase 3 TNX-102 SL, n=503, completed; publication PMID 37165930 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04508621 — RALLY, Phase 3 TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg, n=514, completed, results posted — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05273749 — RESILIENT, Phase 3 TNX-102 SL 5.6 mg, n=457, completed; publication PMID 40627411 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07398417 — FORWARD, Phase 3 AXS-14 (esreboxetine), enriched-enrolment randomised withdrawal, n=620, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Drug — investigational

  • NCT05900466 — metformin vs placebo, Phase 2, n=72, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06946940 — cannabis oil 5% THC/5% CBD vs sham, Phase 2 with response biosignature, n=150, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07498023 — FRIDINHA, full-spectrum cannabis extract dose-ranging, Phase 1/2, n=36, active not recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07783295 — full-spectrum cannabis with CB2/TRPV1 polymorphism stratification, Phase 2, n=80, not yet recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07186751 — pregabalin ± venlafaxine, multicentre, n=750, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07230171 — esketamine + pregabalin/venlafaxine, multicentre, n=92, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07382921 — pregabalin ± tizanidine, PROBE design, n=164, not yet recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07753018 — curcumin + piperine vs placebo, Phase 2, n=80, not yet recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07293767 — silymarin vs diosmin/hesperidin vs no intervention, n=90, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07585045 — oral magnesium glycinate vs vitamins, n=86, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT00401830 — lacosamide 400 mg/day vs placebo, Phase 2 proof-of-concept, UCB Pharma, n=159, completed 2008 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Drug — low-dose naltrexone

  • NCT04270877 — FINAL, naltrexone 6 mg vs placebo, n=99, completed; publications PMID 38258677, 40214857 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02806440 — LDN crossover, n=58, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04739995 — INNOVA, 12-month LDN RCT with cost-utility, n=99, status unknown — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04502251 — LDN + tDCS factorial, n=92, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT00568555 — LDN pilot, Stanford, n=53, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT02107014 — LDN immune monitoring, open-label, n=9, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT00855972 — LDN in juvenile primary FM, withdrawn (n=0) — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Psychedelics and dissociatives

  • NCT05128162 — psilocybin-assisted therapy, Phase 2a open-label, n=17 registered, completed; publication PMID 40171515 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06368492 — psilocybin vs hypnosis script, multicentre, n=35, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05068791 — psilocybin vs dextromethorphan, Early Phase 1, n=30, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05548075 — psilocybin with EEG biomarkers, observational, n=20, status unknown — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06066853 — MDMA-assisted therapy with fMRI hyperscanning, Early Phase 1, n=20, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04938713 — ketamine vs esketamine crossover, n=50, status unknown — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04436250 — S-ketamine dose exploration, n=23, terminated — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Immune-directed

  • NCT03058224 — IGN-ES001 vs acetaminophen in chronic widespread pain ± FM, IgNova, n=230, completed 2017 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04158752 — galcanezumab (anti-CGRP) in small-fibre neuropathy/FM-associated trigeminal and glossopharyngeal pain, Phase 4, n=26, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04381793 — "Recovery Factors" in CFS and FM, n=43, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Neuromodulation

  • NCT03658694 — rTMS precentral gyrus, international multicentre adaptive, n=80, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT01942538 — maintenance rTMS in 3-week responders vs sham, n=78, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05963321 — cerebellar tDCS, n=92, active not recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06009159 — transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, MGH, n=60, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06912334 — transcutaneous VNS double-blind sham-controlled, Athens, n=120, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04777500 — auricular transcutaneous VNS, MGH, n=60, not yet recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07260864 — rTMS left vs right motor cortex with fMRI, n=20, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06746922 — intermittent theta-burst stimulation vs sham, n=30, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05395494 — D-cycloserine + iTBS vs placebo, Phase 2, n=47, terminated — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07423377 — vestibulocortical stimulation, Mount Sinai, n=56, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07239427 — tDCS within active pain-coping programme, n=68, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07323199 — HIIT ± tDCS, n=40, not yet recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07525063 — TMS of pain and reward circuits, Duke, n=30, enrolling by invitation — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT01608321 — rTMS for chronic pain in Gulf War veterans, Phase 3, n=17, terminated — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Digital and behavioural

  • NCT05243511 — PROSPER-FM, Phase 3 digital ACT vs active control, n=275, completed; publication PMID 38991582 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05011162 — REACT-FM, real-world smartphone ACT, n=130, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05149222 — REACT-FM-EXT, n=50, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05433337 — PROSPER-FM-EXT, n=60, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05962437 — Spanish STANZA 3-arm RCT with cost-utility, n=360, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05573685 — Click Therapeutics DiNaMo basket study, n=124, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06988761 — Mayo Clinic–Lin Health behavioural health RCT, n=218, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06208514 — Brief Pain Exposure Therapy for nociplastic pain, n=125, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06567886 — at-home morning bright light + sleep stabilisation for chronic nociplastic pain, n=390, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07465991 — digital CBT for insomnia in musculoskeletal disease, Oxford, n=142, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT05525598 — internet treatment for severe functional somatic disorders including FM, Aarhus, n=166, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

Exercise, lifestyle and other

  • NCT06880653 — DREAM adaptive physical-activity dose–response across arthritis diagnoses including FM, n=285, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06948500 — immersive VR therapeutic exercise with altered visual feedback, n=80, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT07304167 — video-based exergame vs home exercise, n=20, recruiting — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT06672419 — AI-guided tele-rehabilitation exercise + pain neuroscience education, n=50, completed — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT01041495 — cyclobenzaprine ER augmentation, Phase 4, n=37, terminated — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT00423605 — Xyrem (sodium oxybate) 38-week open-label extension, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, n=560, completed; publication PMID 24286114 — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • NCT04174300 — custom manual physiotherapy in FM/CFS, Universidad Católica de Valencia, n=40, completed 2020; PBMC RNAseq yielded the SIK1 finding (PMID 39273470) — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md
  • NCT05921409 — FIBROKIT, Pronacera Therapeutics, plasma proteome + gut microbiome diagnostic panel with olive-oil Mediterranean-diet intervention arm, n=250 (206 patients, 44 healthy volunteers), status unknown; underlies PMID 41113645 — cited by: omics-and-emerging-science.md, biomarkers.md

Items sought and not verified in this session

  • Independent published critique of the commercial FM/a cytokine test — not located in PubMed; the evidentiary gaps in biomarkers.md §5.2 are argued from the primary publication (PMID 23245186) rather than from a secondary source.
  • Circulating microRNA diagnostic-accuracy study in fibromyalgia — no qualifying primary study located; the class is marked [unverified] in biomarkers.md.
  • FDA regulatory record for the sodium oxybate FM submission (advisory-committee vote, complete response letter) — not available via PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov; marked [unverified] in clinical-trials-landscape.md §8.1.
  • NGF-antibody (tanezumab/fasinumab) trial in fibromyalgia — ClinicalTrials.gov search returned none; recorded as a confirmed absence rather than a failure.
  • Independent external validation of the López-Solà fMRI signature (PMID 27583567), the Hackshaw/Yao spectroscopy signature (PMIDs: 30523152, 36979691) or the Zetterman metabolomic signature (PMID 38411371) — none located.
  • NCT identifier for the open-label faecal microbiota transplantation trial reported in PMID 40280127 (registered as MOH_2021-11-04_010374 with the Israeli Ministry of Health, not on ClinicalTrials.gov).

Human dimension (patient experience & advocacy)

Sourced by the patient-voice layer; non-journal sources (organizations, campaigns, videos) live in patient-voice/sources.md.

  • Åsbring P, Närvänen AL. Women's experiences of stigma in relation to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Qual Health Res. 2002;12:148-60. PMID 11837367 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Sim J, Madden S. Illness experience in fibromyalgia syndrome: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:57-67. PMID 18423826 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Album D, Johannessen LEF, Rasmussen EB. Stability and change in disease prestige: A comparative analysis of three surveys spanning a quarter of a century. Soc Sci Med. 2017;180:45-51. PMID 28319909 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Choy E, et al. A patient survey of the impact of fibromyalgia and the journey to diagnosis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:102. PMID 20420681 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Mengshoel AM, et al. Diagnostic experience of patients with fibromyalgia — a meta-ethnography. Chronic Illn. 2018;14:194-211. PMID 28762775 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Undeland M, Malterud K. The fibromyalgia diagnosis: hardly helpful for the patients? A qualitative focus group study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007;25:250-5. PMID 18041660 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Geiger BB. Disabled but not deserving? The perceived deservingness of disability welfare benefit claimants. J Eur Soc Policy. 2021;31:337-351. PMID 34295021 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Arnold LM, et al. Patient perspectives on the impact of fibromyalgia. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;73:114-20. PMID 18640807 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Mease P, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome module at OMERACT 9: domain construct. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2318-29. PMID 19820221 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Climent-Sanz C, et al. Fibromyalgia pain management effectiveness from the patient perspective: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46:4595-4610. PMID 37965900 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Yung K, et al. Exploring patient activation and self-management experiences in adults with fibromyalgia: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2025;9:rkaf025. PMID 40093347 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Bontempo AC. Ignored, dismissed, and minimized: understanding the harmful consequences of invalidation in health care — a systematic meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Psychol Bull. 2025;151:399-427. PMID 40310228 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Otón T, et al. Patient-journey of fibromyalgia patients: a scoping review. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2024;20:96-103. PMID 38395498 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Boulton T. Nothing and everything: fibromyalgia as a diagnosis of exclusion and inclusion. Qual Health Res. 2019;29:809-819. PMID 30296924 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Åsbring P. Chronic illness — a disruption in life: identity-transformation among women with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. J Adv Nurs. 2001;34:312-9. PMID 11328436 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Kengen Traska T, et al. Strategies used for managing symptoms by women with fibromyalgia. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21:626-35. PMID 21323780 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Fitzmaurice BC, et al. The fibromyalgia decomposition phenomenon: a reflexive thematic analysis. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024;14(1). PMID 38247699 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Werner A, Malterud K. It is hard work behaving as a credible patient: encounters between women with chronic pain and their doctors. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57:1409-19. PMID 12927471 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Quintner J. Why are women with fibromyalgia so stigmatized? Pain Med. 2020;21:882-888. PMID 31986200 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Kueny A, et al. Fibromyalgia pain and fatigue symptoms in Spanish and U.S. men. Pain Manag Nurs. 2021;22:423-428. PMID 33771468 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Ruschak I, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome pain in men and women: a scoping review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(2). PMID 36673591 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Antcliff D, et al. Exploring patients' opinions of activity pacing and a new activity pacing questionnaire for chronic pain and/or fatigue: a qualitative study. Physiotherapy. 2016;102:300-7. PMID 26385155 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Dépelteau A, et al. Occupational adaptation of people living with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. Am J Occup Ther. 2021;75(4). PMID 34780617 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Pearson J, et al. Fibromyalgia self-management: mapping the behaviour change techniques used in a practice-based programme. Musculoskeletal Care. 2020;18:372-382. PMID 32452615 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Prikhodkina M, Melnikov S. Factors that influence medication adherence in women with fibromyalgia: a path analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2024;33:3943-3953. PMID 38284436 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Bennett RM, Jones J, Turk DC, Russell IJ, Matallana L. An internet survey of 2,596 people with fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:27. PMID 17349056 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md, patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Krakov A, et al. The correlation between the ACR questionnaire and fitness for work of fibromyalgia patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39 Suppl 130:61-65. PMID 33886454 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Lev A, et al. Work volition in women with fibromyalgia: a phenomenological analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2022;44:2267-2275. PMID 33043704 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Berard AA, Smith AP. Post your journey: Instagram as a support community for people with fibromyalgia. Qual Health Res. 2019;29:237-247. PMID 30066603 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Millar KA, Crump L, LaChapelle DL. Lived experiences of cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia: how patients discuss their experiences and suggestions for patient education. J Patient Exp. 2024;11:23743735241229385. PMID 38333024 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Ozsoy-Unubol T, Alanbay-Yagci E. YouTube as a source of information on fibromyalgia. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021;24:197-202. PMID 33355406 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Canatan AN. Assessing the quality and reliability of videos related to fibromyalgia on TikTok: a comprehensive analysis. Cureus. 2024;16:e64704. PMID 39156279 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Åsbring P, Närvänen AL. Ideal versus reality: physicians perspectives on patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57:711-20. PMID 12821018 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Album D, Westin S. Do diseases have a prestige hierarchy? A survey among physicians and medical students. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:182-8. PMID 17850944 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Agarwal A, et al. Physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e39109. PMID 39093781 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Byrne A, et al. Patient and primary care practitioners' perspectives on consultations for fibromyalgia: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2023;24:e58. PMID 37750736 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Manavi D, et al. Fibromyalgia in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a mixed-methods study of patient and clinician perspectives. Rheumatol Int. 2026;46. PMID 42236570 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Wolfe F, Walitt B. Culture, science and the changing nature of fibromyalgia. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9:751-5. PMID 23820862 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Choy EH, et al. Content and criterion validity of the preliminary core dataset for clinical trials in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2330-4. PMID 19820222 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Courel-Ibáñez J, et al. Proof of concept of prehabilitation: a combination of education and behavioural change, to promote physical activity in people with fibromyalgia. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e070609. PMID 37451740 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Fresk M, et al. Exploring International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health applicability for coding work-related disability: depression and fibromyalgia in Swedish sick leave certificates. J Rehabil Med. 2024;56:jrm36886. PMID 39569419 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Bidari A, Ghavidel-Parsa B, Ghalehbaghi B. Challenges in fibromyalgia diagnosis: from meaning of symptoms to fibromyalgia labeling. Korean J Pain. 2018;31:147-154. PMID 30013729 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Merolli M, et al. Patient-reported outcomes and therapeutic affordances of social media: findings from a global online survey of people with chronic pain. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17:e20. PMID 25616273 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Venerito V, et al. fAI-BRO: a multimodal AI decision-support system to address diagnostic delay in fibromyalgia syndrome. RMD Open. 2026;12(3). PMID 42442924 — tags: [patient-experience] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md

Audit additions — 2026-08-28

Papers added during the citation-audit pass; every PMID re-verified live. Grouped by the section they extend.

Foundations — diagnosis

  • Berwick R, et al. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Med (Lond). 2022;22:570-574. PMID 36427885 — tags: [diagnosis, ICD-11, RCP-guidance] — cited by: diagnostic-criteria.md

Risk, sleep & overlap

  • Clayton EW. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an illness. JAMA. 2015;313:1101-2. PMID 25668027 — tags: [ME-CFS, PEM, criteria] — cited by: sleep-fatigue-cognition.md, comorbidities-and-overlap.md

Mechanism

  • Geerts M, et al. Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Patients With Painful Idiopathic Small Fiber Neuropathy. Neurology. 2021;96:e2534-e2545. PMID 33766992 — tags: [IVIG, SFN, negative-RCT] — cited by: autoimmunity-and-inflammation.md
  • Hsiao FJ, et al. Altered insula-default mode network connectivity in fibromyalgia: a resting-state magnetoencephalographic study. J Headache Pain. 2017;18:89. PMID 28831711 — tags: [MEG, connectivity, contrary-direction] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md
  • Martikainen IK, et al. Alterations in endogenous opioid functional measures in chronic back pain. J Neurosci. 2013;33:14729-37. PMID 24027273 — tags: [MOR-PET, specificity, chronic-back-pain] — cited by: pathophysiology-central.md

Clinical management

  • Abd-Elsayed A, et al. Sublingual Cyclobenzaprine for Fibromyalgia: Pharmacokinetic Rationale, Clinical Evidence, and Place in Therapy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026;30. PMID 42479282 — tags: [TNX-102-SL, FDA-approval-2025] — cited by: pharmacologic-therapy.md, guidelines.md
  • Bennett RM, et al. Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2003;114:537-45. PMID 12753877 — tags: [tramadol, RCT] — cited by: pharmacologic-therapy.md
  • Staud R. Sodium oxybate for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12:1789-98. PMID 21679091 — tags: [sodium-oxybate, regulatory] — cited by: pharmacologic-therapy.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • [No author listed]. Sodium oxybate: not authorised for fibromyalgia. Prescrire Int. 2012;21:290. PMID 23373093 — tags: [sodium-oxybate, EMA-refusal] — cited by: pharmacologic-therapy.md
  • Kmietowicz Z. Offer exercise, therapy, acupuncture, or antidepressants for chronic primary pain, says NICE. BMJ. 2021;373:n907. PMID 33824137 — tags: [NICE-NG193, acupuncture] — cited by: guidelines.md, non-pharmacologic-therapy.md
  • Lakhan SE, et al. Postmarket Safety Surveillance of FDA-Cleared Prescription Digital Therapeutics Using the MAUDE Database: A Pharmacovigilance Study. Cureus. 2025;17:e85343. PMID 40469887 — tags: [digital-therapeutics, Stanza, safety] — cited by: non-pharmacologic-therapy.md
  • Kia S, et al. Update on Treatment Guideline in Fibromyalgia Syndrome with Focus on Pharmacology. Biomedicines. 2017;5. PMID 28536363 — tags: [guideline-review, EULAR] — cited by: guidelines.md

Research frontier — miRNA biomarkers

  • Cerdá-Olmedo G, et al. Identification of a microRNA signature for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0121903. PMID 25803872 — tags: [miRNA, diagnosis] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Masotti A, et al. Circulating microRNA Profiles as Liquid Biopsies for the Characterization and Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54:7129-7136. PMID 27796750 — tags: [miRNA, diagnosis, small-n] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Erbacher C, et al. Altered blood and keratinocyte microRNA/transfer RNA fragment profiles related to fibromyalgia syndrome and its severity. Pain. 2025;166:1641-1652. PMID 39679614 — tags: [miRNA, tRF, disease-controls] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Nepotchatykh E, et al. Circulating microRNA expression signatures accurately discriminate myalgic encephalomyelitis from fibromyalgia and comorbid conditions. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1896. PMID 36732593 — tags: [miRNA, ME-CFS-discrimination] — cited by: biomarkers.md

Red flags & safety concerns (audit-day addition)

  • Hwang E, Barkhuizen A. Update on rheumatologic mimics of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2006;10:327-32. PMID 16945247 — tags: [mimics, differential-diagnosis, SLE, RA, PMR] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Daoud KF, Barkhuizen A. Rheumatic mimics and selected triggers of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2002;6:284-8. PMID 12095463 — tags: [mimics, differential-diagnosis, myopathy, thyroid, osteomalacia, infections] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Mease P, Deodhar A. Differentiating nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis from its mimics: a narrative review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):240. PMID 35279103 — tags: [mimics, axSpA, differential-diagnosis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Häuser W, Fitzcharles MA. Facts and myths pertaining to fibromyalgia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20(1):53-62. PMID 29946212 — tags: [review, diagnosis, limited-testing, over-investigation, guidelines] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Stroes ES, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy — EAS Consensus Panel Statement. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012-22. PMID 25694464 — tags: [statin-myopathy, CK, mimics, consensus] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Hsiao MY, et al. Is Serum Hypovitaminosis D Associated with Chronic Widespread Pain Including Fibromyalgia? A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Pain Physician. 2015;18(5):E877-87. PMID 26431141 — tags: [vitamin-D, CWP, meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Makrani AH, et al. Vitamin D and fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis. Korean J Pain. 2017;30(4):250-257. PMID 29123619 — tags: [vitamin-D, meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Yong WC, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in chronic widespread pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(12):2825-2833. PMID 28812209 — tags: [vitamin-D, supplementation, RCT-meta] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Clark SD, et al. Utilization of Overnight Pulse Oximetry in Fibromyalgia Patients. Glob Adv Health Med. 2019;8:2164956119847125. PMID 31069165 — tags: [sleep-apnea, screening, STOP-BANG] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Gamsa A, Ware MA, Shir Y. Opioid use, misuse, and abuse in patients labeled as fibromyalgia. Am J Med. 2011;124(10):955-60. PMID 21962316 — tags: [opioids, prevalence, tertiary-care, psychosocial-correlates] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Nelli A, Wright MC, Gulur P. Green Light-Based Analgesia — Novel Nonpharmacological Approach to Fibromyalgia Pain: A Pilot Study. Pain Physician. 2023;26(4):403-410. PMID 37535780 — tags: [opioids, prevalence-range, claims-data] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md (cited for its documented 11.3–69% claims-based opioid-use range, not the green-light intervention)
  • Gore M, Sadosky A, Zlateva G, Clauw D. Initial use of pregabalin, patterns of pain-related pharmacotherapy, and healthcare resource use among older patients with fibromyalgia. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16(5 Suppl):S144-53. PMID 20586523 — tags: [polypharmacy, opioids, elderly, claims-data] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Abadie D, et al. Serotonin Syndrome: Analysis of Cases Registered in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(4):382-8. PMID 26082973 — tags: [serotonin-syndrome, tramadol, SSRI, pharmacovigilance] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Ryan NM, Isbister GK. Tramadol overdose causes seizures and respiratory depression but serotonin toxicity appears unlikely. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(6):545-50. PMID 25901965 — tags: [tramadol, overdose, seizures, serotonin-syndrome] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Evoy KE, et al. Abuse and Misuse of Pregabalin and Gabapentin: A Systematic Review Update. Drugs. 2021;81(1):125-156. PMID 33215352 — tags: [gabapentinoids, misuse, overdose, systematic-review] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Bonnet U, Scherbaum N. [On the risk of dependence on gabapentinoids]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2018;86(2):82-105. PMID 29179227 — tags: [gabapentinoids, dependence, withdrawal, German-language] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Fava GA, et al. Withdrawal Symptoms after Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87(4):195-203. PMID 30016772 — tags: [SNRI, withdrawal, discontinuation, systematic-review] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Tujii T, et al. Evaluation of the effect of pregabalin on simulated driving ability using a driving simulator in healthy male volunteers. Int J Gen Med. 2014;7:103-8. PMID 24501544 — tags: [pregabalin, driving, healthy-volunteers] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Shaver JL, Wilbur J, Lee H, Robinson FP, Wang E. Self-reported medication and herb/supplement use by women with and without fibromyalgia. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(5):709-16. PMID 19445618 — tags: [polypharmacy, benzodiazepines, guaifenesin, patient-survey] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Behm FG, et al. Unique immunologic patterns in fibromyalgia. BMC Clin Pathol. 2012;12:25. PMID 23245186 — tags: [FM/a, cytokines, diagnostic-test, unvalidated] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md (also relevant to biomarkers.md)
  • Wall GC, Krypel LL, Miller MJ, Rees DM. A pilot study of complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2007;5(4):185-90. PMID 25170357 — tags: [CAM, guaifenesin, prevalence-of-use] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Kaicker J, Borg Debono V, Dang W, Buckley N, Thabane L. Assessment of the quality and variability of health information on chronic pain websites using the DISCERN instrument. BMC Med. 2010;8:59. PMID 20939875 — tags: [internet, information-quality, DISCERN, readability] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Zure M, Korkmaz MD, Menekşeoğlu AK. Exercises for fibromyalgia syndrome: what YouTube tells us as a source of information for patient and physician education. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43(1):473-480. PMID 37845414 — tags: [YouTube, information-quality, misinformation] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • O'Neill B, et al. Evaluating the Supporting Evidence of Medical Cannabis Claims Made on Clinic Websites: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e45550. PMID 37384372 — tags: [cannabis, marketing, evidence-quality, clinic-websites] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

Trial safety readouts (audit-day addition)

  • Derry S, Cording M, Wiffen PJ, Law S, Phillips T, Moore RA. Pregabalin for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD011790. PMID 27684492 — tags: [Cochrane, pregabalin, adverse-events, NNH, EERW, safety] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Welsch P, Üçeyler N, Klose P, Walitt B, Häuser W. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:CD010292. PMID 29489029 — tags: [Cochrane, SNRI, duloxetine, milnacipran, adverse-events, discontinuation, safety] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md