Clinical trials landscape¶
TL;DR — The registered landscape is fragmented across rehabilitation, intradiscal products, basivertebral ablation, implants and fusion adjuncts; entry criteria rarely define DDD the same way. As of 2026-08-30, live ClinicalTrials.gov v2 queries identified recruiting studies of ethanol gel versus steroid (NCT03415828), umbilical-cord MSCs (NCT04104412), hydrogel augmentation (NCT06011551), autologous marrow MSCs (NCT05066334), platelet products (NCT05287867), disc-cell products (NCT07168603; NCT07254806), low-pulsed ultrasound (NCT06611397), nucleus-pulposus allograft (NCT06778447) and basivertebral ablation cohorts (NCT07392333; NCT07433634). Completed randomized evidence supports selected basivertebral ablation and some cell/device approaches, but registry status, publication and clinical adoption are different states (Fischgrund 2018, PMID 29423885; Gornet 2024, PMID 38925869). Cross-trial synthesis is limited by phenotype, product, comparator and outcome heterogeneity.
Registry method¶
ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 was queried live on 2026-08-30 for “Degenerative Disc Disease” and for “intervertebral disc degeneration OR discogenic low back pain OR vertebrogenic low back pain.” The tables below report the registry status returned in that session; status may change. Broad searches returned hundreds of incidental cervical, perioperative and implant records, so the landscape below retains trials whose population or intervention directly tests lumbar disc, endplate or disc-attributed pain biology.
| Status meaning | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| Recruiting | Site recruitment reported open |
| Active, not recruiting | Follow-up/intervention ongoing, enrollment closed |
| Completed | Study ended; results may still be unpublished |
| Terminated | Ended early after enrollment began |
| Withdrawn | Ended before enrollment |
| Suspended | Temporarily halted |
| Unknown | Status not recently verified by sponsor |
Registration does not verify efficacy, regulatory authorization or data quality.
Recruiting interventional trials¶
| NCT | Intervention | Registered design/phase | Evidence question |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT03415828 | Ethanol gel vs prednisolone | Randomized; not applicable | Chemical intradiscal treatment |
| NCT04104412 | Human umbilical-cord MSC | Phase 1 | Safety/early efficacy for discogenic pain |
| NCT05066334 | Autologous BM-MSC vs sham | Phase 2 | Multilevel lumbar degeneration and chronic pain |
| NCT05287867 | PRP/platelet lysate/platelet-poor plasma vs sham | Not applicable | Platelet-product efficacy in painful DDD |
| NCT04641039 | Annulus removal/replacement at prosthesis insertion | Not applicable | Mobility and postoperative scar |
| NCT06011551 | HYDRAFIL hydrogel vs conservative care | Not applicable | Nucleus augmentation |
| NCT06611397 | Low-pulsed ultrasound vs sham | Not applicable | Noninvasive discogenic-pain treatment |
| NCT06703671 | Electroacupuncture vs sham | Not applicable | Symptom treatment |
| NCT06778447 | VIA Disc NP allograft vs sham | Not applicable | Nucleus-pulposus allograft |
| NCT07168603 | Autologous nucleus-pulposus cells | Phase 1/2 | Early safety in disc degeneration |
| NCT07254806 | IDCT/rebonuputemcel vs sham | Phase 3 | One-level mild-to-moderate symptomatic lumbar DDD |
| NCT07386548 | BMAC for lumbar disc herniation | Not listed | Biologic injection |
| NCT07392333 | Stryker OptaBlate BVN ablation | Prospective cohort | Real-world vertebrogenic outcomes |
| NCT07433634 | Basivertebral ablation | Prospective | Time to relief |
The registry query also returned NCT07011537, enrolling by invitation for a digital musculoskeletal program plus TENS versus standard care; its chronic-low-back-pain population is broader than imaging-defined DDD.
Active, not recruiting¶
| NCT | Intervention | Question |
|---|---|---|
| NCT05182489 | Adaptix titanium vs PEEK interbody cages | Fusion implant comparison |
| NCT06053242 | Intramuscular CELZ-201-DDT | Systemic/peripheral cell-product safety and effectiveness for chronic low-back pain; not an intradiscal repair trial |
| NCT03737461 | Allogeneic BM-MSC vs sham | Phase 2/3 intradiscal trial; 113 participants enrolled |
| NCT06325566 | Rexlemestrocel-L plus hyaluronic acid vs saline | Phase 3 cell-product trial; estimated enrollment 300 |
| NCT06615505 | VIA Disc NP vs sham | Phase 2; 121 participants enrolled |
Active follow-up is especially important for fusion/device endpoints such as subsidence, fusion status and reoperation.
Not yet recruiting at the audit snapshot¶
| NCT | Intervention/design | Evidence question |
|---|---|---|
| NCT06144970 | TG-C dose escalation vs sham; phase 1 | Safety and tolerability of a cell/gene-expression product in DDD-attributed pain |
| NCT07648927 | MRI-informed physical-therapy allocation; 120 planned | Whether structural phenotype can guide rehabilitation |
| NCT07668466 | Intradiscal rhGDF-6, two doses; phase 1/2 | Safety and early efficacy of a growth-factor strategy |
“Not yet recruiting” records establish a registered protocol, not that enrollment will begin or that the intervention is available.
Completed studies¶
| NCT | Intervention/comparator | Landscape contribution |
|---|---|---|
| NCT00394732 | Disc prosthesis vs multidisciplinary rehabilitation | Surgery versus active care |
| NCT00493558 | Trabecular-metal cage with RSA | Implant micromotion/fusion measurement |
| NCT01299077 | Methycobal + eperisone + NSAID survey | Medicine-use data; non-comparative limitations |
| NCT01502644 | Oxycodone, morphine, placebo | Opioid response and mood |
| NCT03002207 | Autologous BMSC/gelatin sponge after discectomy | Annular/disc defect repair |
| NCT03040310 | Personalized Back Rx exercise | Discogenic-pain rehabilitation |
| NCT03955315 | IDCT vs sham | Discogenic-cell phase 1 trial |
| NCT03958604 | Burst neurostimulation | Neuromodulation for discogenic pain |
| NCT04417855 | Lumbar kinematics measurement | Biomechanical phenotyping |
| NCT04600544 | Russian disc degeneration observational study | Natural-history/phenotyping |
| NCT05207813 | Long-term Intracept follow-up | BVN ablation durability |
| NCT05326594 | McKenzie/SNAGs/multimodal PT | Disc height, pain and function |
Completed status does not guarantee posted results or peer-reviewed publication. Trials should be linked to publications by NCT, sponsor, sample size and intervention—not title resemblance alone.
Terminated, withdrawn, suspended and unknown¶
| NCT | Status on 2026-08-30 | Intervention | Why status matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT03461458 | Terminated | Culture-expanded autologous mesenchymal stromal cells | An early-ended program cannot establish product efficacy |
| NCT04544709 | Terminated | Intradiscal PRP | Early stop may bias efficacy/safety record |
| NCT04934917 | Terminated | Pain-processing and structural MRI | Loss of biomarker evidence |
| NCT05614284 | Terminated | Virtuos vs autograft in fusion | Product evidence incomplete |
| NCT06589271 | Suspended | hUC-MSC plus endoscopic extraction | Safety/regulatory/operational status requires checking |
| NCT01643681 | Withdrawn | Autologous adipose MSC | No enrolled evidence |
| NCT03674190 | Withdrawn | ALIF vs total disc replacement | Comparative gap remains |
| NCT05105490 | Withdrawn | PerQdisc nucleus replacement | Postmarket evidence not generated |
| NCT02983747 | Unknown | PRP vs medication | Stale status |
| NCT03912454 | Unknown | Intradiscal BMAC | Stale status |
| NCT04414592 | Unknown | Umbilical-cord MSC | Stale status |
| NCT05692440 | Unknown | Intracept BVN ablation | Phase 4 status unclear |
Unknown status should never be relabeled “ongoing.”
The same live condition query returned NCT07137559 as an expanded-access record for CELZ-201-DDT. Expanded access is a treatment-access mechanism, not a randomized efficacy study, and is therefore not counted among recruiting trials.
Rehabilitation trials¶
Rehabilitation trials commonly enroll nonspecific low-back pain; DDD-specific studies risk using imaging to define a biologically heterogeneous sample.
| Design need | Reason |
|---|---|
| Active comparator described | “Usual care” varies |
| Exercise dose/adherence | Treatment received matters |
| Imaging communication standardized | Label can alter beliefs |
| Back and leg pain separated | Phenotype preservation |
| Work and activity outcomes | Real-world benefit |
| ≥12-month follow-up | Maintenance and recurrence |
The broad exercise evidence is favorable but does not identify a disc-specific program (Hayden 2021, PMID 34580864; Fleckenstein 2022, PMID 35914641). The original risk-stratified-care result did not reproduce uniformly, showing implementation context matters (Hill 2011, PMID 21963002; Cherkin 2018, PMID 29790073).
Basivertebral nerve ablation program¶
Published prospective studies form a connected program:
| Evidence stage | Publication | Key issue |
|---|---|---|
| Sham-controlled RCT | Fischgrund 2018, PMID 29423885 | Specific efficacy |
| Standard-care RCT | Khalil 2019, PMID 31229663 | Comparative effectiveness |
| 12-month report | Smuck 2021, PMID 34031220 | Maintenance/crossover |
| 24-month report | Koreckij 2021, PMID 35141653 | Durability |
| Five-year SMART arm | Fischgrund 2020, PMID 32451777 | Attrition and late response |
| Pooled five-year analysis | Khalil 2024, PMID 39758714 | Larger descriptive durability |
The research question has shifted from “can this work in a selected group?” to independent replication, transportability, comparative sequencing and long-term harms.
Cell and biologic programs¶
| Product class | Published evidence | Registry need |
|---|---|---|
| Disc progenitor cells/IDCT | Randomized volume and clinical signal (PMID 38925869) | Product-specific long-term follow-up |
| Allogeneic marrow MSC | Small RCT and multicenter trial (PMID 27661661; PMID 39393844) | Harmonized product/potency |
| Mesenchymal precursor cells | Randomized 36-month reports (PMID 33045417; PMID 40174800) | Replication and safety |
| PRP | Small heterogeneous RCTs/reviews (PMID 35053999; PMID 32607308) | Standard composition and sham |
| BMAC | Low-quality evidence (PMID 32782864) | Controlled trial and product assay |
Biologic trials should not combine products under a “stem cell” label.
Hydrogel and nucleus replacement¶
NCT06011551 tests hydrogel augmentation against conservative management, while NCT05105490’s withdrawn postmarket PerQdisc study illustrates the evidence fragility of device programs.
Hydrogel trials need endpoints for:
- extrusion/migration;
- endplate pressure and fracture;
- disc height/volume and composition;
- pain/function and activity;
- reintervention and MRI artifacts;
- device degradation over years.
Preclinical hydrogel reviews cannot answer these clinical endpoints (Zhang 2025, PMID 41084298).
Fusion and arthroplasty trials¶
Historical disc-prosthesis RCTs established selected-device comparisons with fusion (Zigler 2012, PMID 23082846; Guyer 2009, PMID 18805066). NCT00394732 is important because it compares prosthesis with multidisciplinary rehabilitation rather than another operation.
Future trials should compare a surgical strategy with a credible optimized nonoperative pathway and report crossovers, reoperations and work outcomes.
Common design defects¶
| Defect | Bias produced |
|---|---|
| Imaging-only DDD entry | Includes asymptomatic/incidental biology |
| Discography-defined sample | Imports test uncertainty |
| Weak “usual care” | Inflates procedure benefit |
| No sham for injection | Contextual effect unresolved |
| Multiple primary time points | Multiplicity/selective emphasis |
| Small single center | Fragile, nontransportable estimate |
| Sponsor-owned analysis | Conflict and reporting concern |
| Short follow-up | Misses device/biologic late harms |
| Composite success only | Hides component tradeoffs |
| Registry–publication mismatch | Selective outcome reporting |
Priority comparative trials¶
- Optimized rehabilitation versus BVN ablation in strictly defined vertebrogenic pain.
- BVN ablation versus fusion in shared equipoise, if ethically and clinically feasible.
- Standardized PRP versus credible sham with independent manufacture testing.
- Disc progenitor cells versus sham with five-to-ten-year structural and safety follow-up.
- Hydrogel augmentation versus active conservative care with blinded imaging core.
- Disc replacement versus modern multidisciplinary rehabilitation and fusion with lifetime registry linkage.
- Biomarker-stratified trials with prespecified treatment interactions.
Evidence deepening: discriminating findings (2026-08-30)¶
The added evidence below was selected to change interpretation, not merely increase citation count. Each result is kept within its studied phenotype and design.
| Evidence | Quantified or mechanistic finding | Consequence for interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in managing chronic low back pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled non-inferiority trial (Alahmri 2026, PMID 42284831) | A pragmatic randomized noninferiority trial tested telerehabilitation for chronic low-back pain. | Delivery-platform trials broaden access evidence but are not disc-phenotype trials. |
| Intradiscal Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Low Back Pain Due to Moderate-to-Advanced Multilevel Disc Degeneration: A Preliminary Report of a Double-Blind, Phase IIB Randomized Clinical Trial (DREAM Study) (Vadalà 2025, PMID 40462867) | The phase IIb DREAM trial randomized patients with moderate-to-advanced multilevel degeneration to autologous marrow stromal cells or sham. | A sham-controlled multilevel phenotype tests both efficacy and whether advanced disease is biologically modifiable. |
| The Safety and Effectiveness of Orthobiologic Injections for Discogenic Chronic Low Back Pain: A Multicenter Prospective, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial with 12 Months Follow-up (Navani 2024, PMID 38285032) | A 40-person randomized crossover trial compared intradiscal platelet-rich plasma, marrow concentrate and a non-intradiscal saline control. | Small sample and crossover require effect estimates with periods and carryover disclosed. |
| A comprehensive review of cell transplantation and platelet-rich plasma therapy for the treatment of disc degeneration-related back and neck pain: A systematic evidence-based analysis (Schol 2024, PMID 38919468) | A review screened 7,623 records and retained 80 articles representing 68 human cell or platelet-product studies and at least 1,974 treated participants. | Numerical volume overstates certainty when products and controls are heterogeneous. |
| Platelet-Rich Plasma vs. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Lumbar Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Salamanna 2026, PMID 42123394) | A recent synthesis included 21 PRP or mesenchymal-cell studies, nine randomized and 12 prospective. | Head-to-head product superiority remains unresolved despite a growing evidence base. |
| Total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative diseases - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Bai 2019, PMID 31335704) | Fourteen randomized trials informed a total-disc-replacement versus fusion meta-analysis. | Mature device trials remain a separate evidence stream from biologic regeneration. |
| Stem cell therapy for degenerative disc disease (Ferraz 2026, PMID 41608524) | Thirteen low-to-moderate-quality clinical trials showed modest pain/disability improvement but no compelling imaging proof of repair; preclinical regeneration was more consistent than clinical evidence. | Clinical benefit and biological regeneration remain separate hypotheses. |
| Hydrogel-based biomaterials for intervertebral-disc treatment (Zheng 2021, PMID 33660950) | Tunable water retention and mechanics motivate nucleus-like hydrogels, but material origin, integration, extrusion and durability remain product-specific barriers. | A hydrogel is a platform class, not a transferable efficacy claim. |
| Basivertebral selection, utilization and cost evidence (Ehsanian 2025, PMID 41146940) | Type 1/2 Modic selection defines a vertebrogenic trial stream. | These data should not be pooled with generic DDD or annular-pain studies. |
| Overlapping low-back-pain mechanisms (Knezevic 2021, PMID 34115979) | Nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic mechanisms overlap, while imaging and diagnostic injections have low specificity. | Trial eligibility must preserve phenotype rather than use DDD as a catch-all. |
Controversy carried forward¶
These additions narrow several claims but do not create a diagnostic gold standard. Where an imaging, molecular or treatment-response signal conflicts with sham-controlled, longitudinal or population evidence, the conflict is retained as a selection and transportability problem rather than resolved by vote.
Open questions¶
- Which registered trials have unpublished results, and do nonpublication patterns favor positive studies?
- Can phenotype and outcome data be harmonized across cell-product trials? (Schneider 2022, PMID 34352363)
- Will recruiting nucleus-allograft and hydrogel studies show clinical benefit beyond procedure context? (NCT06778447; NCT06011551)
- How do new BVN devices compare with the published Intracept program? (NCT07392333)
- What minimum follow-up is adequate for tumorigenicity, ectopic tissue and implant failure? (Gornet 2024, PMID 38925869)
Related pages¶
- Conservative treatment — rehabilitation comparators.
- Injections and ablative procedures — procedural evidence.
- Fusion and disc replacement — device trials.
- Regenerative and biologic therapy — product biology.
- Biomarkers — stratification and endpoints.
- Outcomes and measurement — trial design.
References¶
- Fischgrund JS, Rhyne A, Franke J, et al. Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2018;27(5):1146-1156. PMID 29423885
- Gornet MF, Beall DP, Davis TT, et al. Allogeneic Disc Progenitor Cells Safely Increase Disc Volume and Improve Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Patients With Lumbar Disc Degeneration-Results of an FDA-Approved Biologic Therapy Randomized Clinical Trial. International journal of spine surgery. 2024;18(3):237-248. PMID 38925869
- Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, et al. Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2021;9(9):CD009790. PMID 34580864
- Fleckenstein J, Floessel P, Engel T, et al. Individualized Exercise in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise Alone or in Combination with Psychological Interventions on Pain and Disability. The journal of pain. 2022;23(11):1856-1873. PMID 35914641
- Hill JC, Whitehurst DG, Lewis M, et al. Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2011;378(9802):1560-71. PMID 21963002
- Cherkin D, Balderson B, Wellman R, et al. Effect of Low Back Pain Risk-Stratification Strategy on Patient Outcomes and Care Processes: the MATCH Randomized Trial in Primary Care. Journal of general internal medicine. 2018;33(8):1324-1336. PMID 29790073
- Khalil JG, Smuck M, Koreckij T, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2019;19(10):1620-1632. PMID 31229663
- Smuck M, Khalil J, Barrette K, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 12-month results. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine. 2021;46(8):683-693. PMID 34031220
- Koreckij T, Kreiner S, Khalil JG, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 24-Month treatment arm results. North American Spine Society journal. 2021;8:100089. PMID 35141653
- Fischgrund JS, Rhyne A, Macadaeg K, et al. Long-term outcomes following intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 5-year treatment arm results from a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2020;29(8):1925-1934. PMID 32451777
- Khalil JG, Truumees E, Macadaeg K, et al. Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation: A 5-year pooled analysis from three prospective clinical trials. Interventional pain medicine. 2024;3(4):100529. PMID 39758714
- Noriega DC, Ardura F, Hernández-Ramajo R, et al. Intervertebral Disc Repair by Allogeneic Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Cells: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Transplantation. 2017;101(8):1945-1951. PMID 27661661
- Pers YM, Soler-Rich R, Vadalà G, et al. Allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, multicentre, randomised placebo controlled trial (RESPINE study). Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2024;83(11):1572-1583. PMID 39393844
- Amirdelfan K, Bae H, McJunkin T, et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells treatment for chronic low back pain associated with degenerative disc disease: a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled 36-month study of safety and efficacy. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2021;21(2):212-230. PMID 33045417
- Beall DP, Bae HW, DePalma MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells with and without hyaluronic acid for treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized, double blind, concurrent-controlled 36-month study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2025;25(9):1997-2013. PMID 40174800
- Akeda K, Ohishi K, Takegami N, et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma Releasate versus Corticosteroid for the Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of clinical medicine. 2022;11(2). PMID 35053999
- Hirase T, Jack Ii RA, Sochacki KR, et al. Systemic Review: Is an Intradiscal Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8831. PMID 32607308
- Hirase T, Jack RA, Sochacki KR, et al. Systematic Review: Is Intradiscal Injection of Bone Marrow Concentrate for Lumbar Disc Degeneration Effective? Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9045. PMID 32782864
- Zhang J, Wang Z, Chen S, et al. From molecular regulation to tissue repair: hydrogels in the fight against intervertebral disc degeneration. Annals of medicine. 2025;57(1):2572310. PMID 41084298
- Zigler JE, Delamarter RB. Five-year results of the prospective, randomized, multicenter, Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement versus circumferential arthrodesis for the treatment of single-level degenerative disc disease. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine. 2012;17(6):493-501. PMID 23082846
- Guyer RD, McAfee PC, Banco RJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of lumbar total disc replacement with the CHARITE artificial disc versus lumbar fusion: five-year follow-up. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2009;9(5):374-86. PMID 18805066
- Schneider BJ, Hunt C, Conger A, et al. The effectiveness of intradiscal biologic treatments for discogenic low back pain: a systematic review. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2022;22(2):226-237. PMID 34352363
- Alahmri F, Alkhawajah HA, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in managing chronic low back pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. International journal of medical informatics. 2026;218:106540. PMID 42284831
- Vadalà G, Russo F, Lavazza C, Petrucci G, Ambrosio L, Budelli S, et al. Intradiscal Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Low Back Pain Due to Moderate-to-Advanced Multilevel Disc Degeneration: A Preliminary Report of a Double-Blind, Phase IIB Randomized Clinical Trial (DREAM Study). JOR spine. 2025;8(2):e70086. PMID 40462867
- Navani A, Ambach M, Calodney A, Rosenthal R, Li G, Mahoney CB, et al. The Safety and Effectiveness of Orthobiologic Injections for Discogenic Chronic Low Back Pain: A Multicenter Prospective, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial with 12 Months Follow-up. Pain physician. 2024;27(1):E65-E77. PMID 38285032
- Schol J, Tamagawa S, Volleman TNE, Ishijima M, Sakai D. A comprehensive review of cell transplantation and platelet-rich plasma therapy for the treatment of disc degeneration-related back and neck pain: A systematic evidence-based analysis. JOR spine. 2024;7(2):e1348. PMID 38919468
- Salamanna F, Ghermandi R, Veronesi F, Borsari V, Griffoni C, Gasbarrini A, et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma vs. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Lumbar Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026;27(9):3810. PMID 42123394
- Bai DY, Liang L, Zhang BB, Zhu T, Zhang HJ, Yuan ZG, et al. Total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative diseases - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2019;98(29):e16460. PMID 31335704
- Ferraz VR, Goulart CR, de Souza MFRFF, Furlan MOCS, Mercier P, Mattei TA, et al. Stem cell therapy for degenerative disc disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidence, clinical translation, and future directions. North American Spine Society journal. 2026;25:100841. PMID 41608524
- Zheng K, Du D. Recent advances of hydrogel-based biomaterials for intervertebral disc tissue treatment: A literature review. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 2021;15(4):299-321. PMID 33660950
- Ehsanian R, Buttner JA, Schneider B, McCormick ZL. Patient selection, clinical outcomes, associated healthcare utilization, and cost-effectiveness of basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of vertebrogenic low back pain: A narrative review. North American Spine Society journal. 2025;24:100788. PMID 41146940
- Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP. Low back pain. Lancet. 2021;398(10294):78-92. PMID 34115979