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Bibliography — vascular dementia

Last updated: 2026-09-02 (second deepening pass). Every PMID below was resolved through live PubMed E-utilities. “Cited by” lists representative uses; wiki reference sections provide page-level inventories.

Definitions, diagnosis, and reviews

  • Sachdev PS, et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2014. PMID 24632990 — tags: [criteria, VASCOG] — cited by: overview.md, nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Skrobot OA, et al. Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: VICCCS guidelines. Alzheimers Dement. 2018. PMID 29055812 — tags: [criteria, VICCCS] — cited by: overview.md, guidelines.md
  • VasCog-2-WSO Criteria Consortium. Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia—The VasCog-2-WSO Criteria. JAMA Neurol. 2025. PMID 40955506 — tags: [criteria, WSO] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md, guidelines.md
  • Gorelick PB, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Stroke. 2011. PMID 21778438 — tags: [AHA, review] — cited by: overview.md, prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • O'Brien JT, Thomas A. Vascular dementia. Lancet. 2015. PMID 26595643 — tags: [review, clinical] — cited by: overview.md, subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Chang Wong E, et al. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Continuum. 2022. PMID 35678401 — tags: [review] — cited by: bibliography only

Epidemiology and post-stroke cognition

  • Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2009. PMID 19782001 — tags: [meta-analysis, post-stroke] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Barbay M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in post-stroke neurocognitive disorders. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2018. PMID 30504699 — tags: [meta-analysis, prevalence] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Filler J, et al. Risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2024. PMID 38101426 — tags: [meta-analysis, risk] — cited by: overview.md, post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of global dementia prevalence in 2019 and forecast to 2050. Lancet Public Health. 2022. PMID 34998485 — tags: [GBD, burden] — cited by: overview.md, epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • Drozdowska BA, et al. Prognostic rules for predicting cognitive syndromes following stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2021. PMID 33817331 — tags: [prediction, systematic-review] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Yang Z, et al. Blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia after stroke. Ageing Res Rev. 2020. PMID 31505259 — tags: [post-stroke, lipids] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Parasrampuria S, et al. Disaggregating the dementia monolith: an analysis of variation in Medicare costs and use by dementia subtype. Alzheimers Dement. 2023. PMID 36749936 — tags: [cost, epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • Lioutas VA, et al. Cognitive outcome after acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: analysis of the iDEF randomized trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2025. PMID 38583421 — tags: [ICH, cognition] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md

Small-vessel disease and imaging

  • Wardlaw JM, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease. Lancet Neurol. 2013. PMID 23867200 — tags: [STRIVE, imaging] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Duering M, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease—advances since 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2023. PMID 37236211 — tags: [STRIVE-2, imaging] — cited by: overview.md, cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Jansma A, et al. Sporadic cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive decline in healthy older adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2024. PMID 38415688 — tags: [SVD, meta-analysis] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Clancy U, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with cerebral small vessel disease. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021. PMID 33539776 — tags: [SVD, neuropsychiatry] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Blumen HM, et al. Gait in cerebral small vessel disease, pre-dementia, and dementia. Int J Stroke. 2023. PMID 35797006 — tags: [gait, SVD] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Jiang J, et al. Computer-aided extraction of select MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease. Neuroimage. 2022. PMID 35914668 — tags: [AI, imaging] — cited by: neuroimaging.md
  • Razek AAKA, et al. Imaging of vascular cognitive impairment. Clin Imaging. 2021. PMID 33434866 — tags: [imaging, review] — cited by: neuroimaging.md
  • Frantellizzi V, et al. Neuroimaging in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020. PMID 31929166 — tags: [imaging, systematic-review] — cited by: pathophysiology.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Liu Q, et al. Multimodality neuroimaging in vascular mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023. PMID 37009448 — tags: [imaging] — cited by: neuroimaging.md
  • Markus HS, et al. Framework for Clinical Trials in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (FINESSE). JAMA Neurol. 2022. PMID 35969390 — tags: [trials, SVD] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md

CAA and safety

  • Charidimou A, et al. Boston criteria version 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Lancet Neurol. 2022. PMID 35841910 — tags: [CAA, diagnosis] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Switzer AR, et al. Boston Criteria v2.0 for CAA without hemorrhage. Neurology. 2024. PMID 38710005 — tags: [CAA, validation] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Cordonnier C, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Int J Stroke. 2025. PMID 40721902 — tags: [CAA, statement] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md, guidelines.md
  • Greenberg SM, et al. 2022 guideline for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2022. PMID 35579034 — tags: [ICH, guideline] — cited by: guidelines.md, cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Charidimou A, et al. Brain microbleeds, anticoagulation, and hemorrhage risk. Neurology. 2017. PMID 29117953 — tags: [microbleeds, anticoagulation] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Zhao B, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in anticoagulated AF after microbleeds and stroke. Front Neurol. 2024. PMID 38560733 — tags: [microbleeds, meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Cheng Y, et al. Anticoagulant therapy and cerebral microbleeds. J Neurol. 2021. PMID 31616992 — tags: [microbleeds] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Muir RT, et al. Plasma biomarkers distinguish Boston Criteria 2.0 cerebral amyloid angiopathy from healthy controls. Alzheimers Dement. 2025. PMID 40156276 — tags: [CAA, biomarkers] — cited by: biomarkers.md

Inherited disease and mechanisms

  • Chabriat H, et al. CADASIL. Lancet Neurol. 2009. PMID 19539236 — tags: [CADASIL, NOTCH3] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Choi JC. Genetics of cerebral small vessel disease. J Stroke. 2015. PMID 25692103 — tags: [genetics, SVD] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Whittaker E, et al. Cerebral phenotypes associated with monogenic cerebral small-vessel disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022. PMID 35699195 — tags: [genetics, systematic-review] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Ringelstein EB, et al. Hereditary and non-hereditary microangiopathies in the young. J Neurol Sci. 2010. PMID 20851424 — tags: [genetics] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Santisteban MM, Iadecola C. Hypertension, neurovascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Hypertension. 2023. PMID 36129176 — tags: [neurovascular-unit, hypertension] — cited by: pathophysiology.md
  • Uemura MT, et al. Brain microvascular pericytes in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020. PMID 32317958 — tags: [pericytes, mechanism] — cited by: pathophysiology.md
  • French SR, et al. Biomarkers of BBB and neurovascular unit integrity. Alzheimers Dement. 2025. PMID 40145342 — tags: [BBB, biomarkers] — cited by: pathophysiology.md, biomarkers.md
  • Solé-Guardia G, et al. Imaging brain fluid dynamics and waste clearance in SVD. Alzheimers Dement. 2025. PMID 40289686 — tags: [glymphatic, imaging] — cited by: pathophysiology.md

Neuropathology and cognition

  • Schneider JA, et al. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases. Neurology. 2007. PMID 17568013 — tags: [autopsy, mixed] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Jellinger KA. Pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2002. PMID 12417375 — tags: [neuropathology] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Jellinger KA, Attems J. Neuropathological evaluation of mixed dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2007. PMID 17324442 — tags: [mixed, neuropathology] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Jellinger KA. Pathology of vascular dementia: a critical update. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008. PMID 18525132 — tags: [neuropathology] — cited by: subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Desmond DW. Neuropsychology of vascular cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci. 2004. PMID 15537510 — tags: [cognition] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Ghafar MZAA, et al. Cognitive screening instruments to identify VCI. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019. PMID 31050033 — tags: [screening, systematic-review] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Freitas S, et al. MoCA validation study for vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012. PMID 22676901 — tags: [MoCA] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md

Prevention and treatment

  • Williamson JD, et al. Intensive versus standard BP control on probable dementia. JAMA. 2019. PMID 30688979 — tags: [SPRINT-MIND, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Hughes D, et al. BP lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment. JAMA. 2020. PMID 32427305 — tags: [meta-analysis, BP] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Peters R, et al. BP lowering and prevention of dementia: IPD meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022. PMID 36282295 — tags: [IPD, BP] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • van Middelaar T, et al. BP-lowering interventions to prevent dementia. J Hypertens. 2018. PMID 29927845 — tags: [meta-analysis, BP] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Ngandu T, et al. FINGER multidomain intervention. Lancet. 2015. PMID 25771249 — tags: [FINGER, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Battle CE, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular dementia and VCI. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PMID 33704781 — tags: [network-meta-analysis, treatment] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Wilkinson D, et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia. Neurology. 2003. PMID 12939421 — tags: [donepezil, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Román GC, et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia: hippocampal size. Stroke. 2010. PMID 20395618 — tags: [donepezil, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Auchus AP, et al. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia. Neurology. 2007. PMID 17664404 — tags: [galantamine, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Mok V, et al. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007. PMID 19300631 — tags: [rivastigmine, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. Memantine in vascular dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2003. PMID 16191242 — tags: [memantine] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Masserini F, et al. Therapeutic strategies in VCI. Alzheimers Dement. 2023. PMID 37539725 — tags: [systematic-review] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Ye Y, et al. Effects of exercise on patients with vascular cognitive impairment. J Neurol. 2024. PMID 39666076 — tags: [exercise, systematic-review] — cited by: treatment.md

Patient experience and safety

  • Tang EYH, et al. Post-stroke memory deficits and barriers to seeking help. Fam Pract. 2019. PMID 30452613 — tags: [qualitative, post-stroke] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Tang EYH, et al. Impact of memory problems post-stroke on patients and family carers. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020. PMID 32637417 — tags: [qualitative, caregiver] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • McMahon D, et al. Acceptability of post-stroke cognitive testing. Cereb Circ Cogn Behav. 2024. PMID 38226361 — tags: [qualitative, testing] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Macdonald M, et al. Experiences and perceptions of spousal/partner caregivers providing care for community-dwelling people with dementia. JBI Evid Synth. 2020. PMID 32813338 — tags: [qualitative, caregiver] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Nguyen TA, et al. Dementia experiences in Vietnam and diaspora. Aging Ment Health. 2023. PMID 35549573 — tags: [qualitative, culture] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Hermann P, et al. Rapidly progressive dementias. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022. PMID 35508635 — tags: [red-flags] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Bhanu C, et al. Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension. PLoS Med. 2021. PMID 34752479 — tags: [safety, orthostasis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Wheatley CJ, et al. Consensus statements on driving for persons with dementia. Occup Ther Health Care. 2014. PMID 24754761 — tags: [driving, safety] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Schneider LS, et al. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia. JAMA. 2005;294:1934-43. PMID 16234500 — tags: [safety, antipsychotics] — cited by: treatment.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL. Do atypical antipsychotics cause stroke? CNS Drugs. 2005;19:91-103. PMID 15697324 — tags: [safety, antipsychotics] — cited by: treatment.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Smith EE, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related transient focal neurologic episodes. Neurology. 2021;97:231-238. PMID 34016709 — tags: [CAA, TFNE] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • van Dyck CH, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:9-21. PMID 36449413 — tags: [ARIA, lecanemab] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Sims JR, et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2023;330:512-527. PMID 37459141 — tags: [ARIA, donanemab] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Sperling RA, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in amyloid-modifying therapeutic trials. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:367-85. PMID 21784348 — tags: [ARIA] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Chung KK, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy related inflammation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:20-6. PMID 20935328 — tags: [CAA-ri] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Regenhardt RW, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment and outcomes of CAA-related inflammation. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:1261-1269. PMID 32568365 — tags: [CAA-ri] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Greenberg SM, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease - one peptide, two pathways. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16:30-42. PMID 31827267 — tags: [CAA] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md

Landmark criteria, epidemiology, SVD mechanisms, and prevention trials added at audit

  • Hachinski VC, et al. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:632-7. PMID 1164215 — tags: [criteria, historic] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Chui HC, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia (ADDTC). Neurology. 1992;42:473-80. PMID 1549205 — tags: [criteria, ADDTC] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md, guidelines.md
  • Román GC, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies (NINDS-AIREN). Neurology. 1993;43:250-60. PMID 8094895 — tags: [criteria, NINDS-AIREN] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md, guidelines.md, overview.md
  • Hachinski V, et al. NINDS-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006;37:2220-41. PMID 16917086 — tags: [criteria, NINDS-CSN] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md, cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Wolters FJ, Ikram MA. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:1542-1549. PMID 31294622 — tags: [epidemiology] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md, overview.md
  • Iadecola C, et al. Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:3326-3344. PMID 31248555 — tags: [review, mechanism] — cited by: pathophysiology.md, overview.md
  • Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:689-701. PMID 20610345 — tags: [SVD] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md, pathophysiology.md
  • Wardlaw JM, et al. Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:684-696. PMID 31097385 — tags: [SVD] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities. BMJ. 2010;341:c3666. PMID 20660506 — tags: [WMH, meta-analysis] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md, subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Verdelho A, et al. White matter changes and diabetes predict cognitive decline: the LADIS study. Neurology. 2010;75:160-7. PMID 20625169 — tags: [LADIS] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Kalaria RN. The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134:226-239. PMID 29273521 — tags: [neuropathology] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Snowdon DA, et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA. 1997;277:813-7. PMID 9052711 — tags: [autopsy, mixed] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Esiri MM, et al. Neuropathological assessment of the lesions of significance in vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:749-53. PMID 9416809 — tags: [neuropathology] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Joutel A, et al. Notch3 mutations in CADASIL. Nature. 1996;383:707-10. PMID 8878478 — tags: [CADASIL, genetics] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Viswanathan A, et al. Lacunar lesions are independently associated with disability and cognitive impairment in CADASIL. Neurology. 2007;69:172-9. PMID 17620550 — tags: [CADASIL] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Pescini F, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis in CADASIL. Neurol Sci. 2023;44:491-498. PMID 36255541 — tags: [CADASIL, safety] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Chen CH, et al. Safety and effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with CADASIL. Stroke. 2024;55:e321-e322. PMID 39474712 — tags: [CADASIL, safety] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Lanfranconi S, Markus HS. COL4A1 mutations as a monogenic cause of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke. 2010;41:e513-8. PMID 20558831 — tags: [COL4A1] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Plaisier E, et al. COL4A1 mutations and hereditary angiopathy, nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2687-95. PMID 18160688 — tags: [COL4A1] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Meuwissen ME, et al. The expanding phenotype of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations. Genet Med. 2015;17:843-53. PMID 25719457 — tags: [COL4A1] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Tuttolomondo A, et al. Anderson-Fabry disease: a multiorgan disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:5974-96. PMID 23448451 — tags: [Fabry] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Tzourio C, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide on dementia and cognitive decline (PROGRESS). Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1069-75. PMID 12742805 — tags: [PROGRESS, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Pearce LA, et al. Effects of long-term blood pressure lowering and dual antiplatelet treatment on cognitive function in SPS3. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:1177-85. PMID 25453457 — tags: [SPS3, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, treatment.md
  • Jacova C, et al. Cognitive impairment in lacunar strokes: the SPS3 trial. Ann Neurol. 2012;72:351-62. PMID 23034910 — tags: [SPS3] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md, post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cerebral white matter lesions. JAMA. 2019;322:524-534. PMID 31408137 — tags: [SPRINT-MIND, MRI] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Pflanz CP, et al. Association of blood pressure lowering intensity with white matter network integrity (PRESERVE). Neurology. 2022;99:e1945-e1953. PMID 35977831 — tags: [PRESERVE, SVD] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, neuroimaging.md
  • Moll van Charante EP, et al. Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia (preDIVA). Lancet. 2016;388:797-805. PMID 27474376 — tags: [preDIVA, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Ryan J, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effects of aspirin on dementia and cognitive decline (ASPREE). Neurology. 2020;95:e320-e331. PMID 32213642 — tags: [ASPREE, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, treatment.md
  • Hankey GJ, et al. Effect of B vitamins and lowering homocysteine on cognitive impairment (VITATOPS). Stroke. 2013;44:2232-9. PMID 23765945 — tags: [VITATOPS, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Wardlaw JM, et al. Isosorbide mononitrate and cilostazol treatment in symptomatic cerebral small vessel disease (LACI-2). JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:682-692. PMID 37222252 — tags: [LACI-2, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Pauls MMH, et al. The PASTIS trial: testing tadalafil for possible use in vascular cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18:2393-2402. PMID 35135037 — tags: [PASTIS, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md, clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • López-Arrieta JM, Birks J. Nimodipine for primary degenerative, mixed and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2002:CD000147. PMID 10796495 — tags: [nimodipine] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Iseli R, et al. Orthostatic hypotension and cognition in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2019;120:40-49. PMID 30825549 — tags: [orthostasis] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md, red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

Deepening pass, 2026-08-31 — records added

All 110 records below were resolved through live PubMed E-utilities queries on 2026-08-31 during the deepening pass. Grouping follows the topic of the claim each record supports; several records are cited on more than one page.

Criteria validation and diagnostic accuracy

  • Chui HC, et al. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia: a multicenter study of comparability and interrater reliability. Arch Neurol. 2000. PMID 10681076 — tags: [criteria, reliability] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Gold G, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of newly proposed clinical criteria for possible vascular dementia. Neurology. 1997. PMID 9305324 — tags: [criteria, autopsy-validation] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Gold G, et al. Clinicopathological validation study of four sets of clinical criteria for vascular dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002. PMID 11772694 — tags: [criteria, autopsy-validation] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md,overview.md
  • Bacchetta JP, et al. Validation of clinical criteria for possible vascular dementia in the oldest-old. Neurobiol Aging. 2007. PMID 16580095 — tags: [criteria, oldest-old] — cited by: nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md
  • Gangaram-Panday SG, et al. Screening for post-stroke neurocognitive disorders in diverse populations: A systematic review. Clin Neuropsychol. 2024. PMID 37480233 — tags: [screening, cross-cultural] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Demeyere N, et al. The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychol Assess. 2015. PMID 25730165 — tags: [OCS, validation] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Murphy D, et al. Oxford cognitive screen: A critical review and independent psychometric evaluation. J Neuropsychol. 2023. PMID 37186035 — tags: [OCS, psychometrics] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Kusec A, et al. Multidomain post-stroke cognitive impairment: development and validation of a clinical prediction model. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2026. PMID 41794047 — tags: [prediction, OCS] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md
  • Ott A, et al. Incidence and risk of dementia. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998. PMID 9521184 — tags: [incidence, Rotterdam] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md,overview.md
  • Bermejo-Pareja F, et al. Incidence and subtypes of dementia in three elderly populations of central Spain. J Neurol Sci. 2008. PMID 17727890 — tags: [incidence, NEDICES] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md,overview.md
  • Andersen K, et al. Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies. EURODEM Incidence Research Group. Neurology. 1999. PMID 10599770 — tags: [incidence, sex, EURODEM] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • White L, et al. Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA. 1996. PMID 8805729 — tags: [prevalence, Honolulu-Asia] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • Liang CS, et al. Mortality rates in Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's dementias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021. PMID 36097997 — tags: [mortality, meta-analysis] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md,overview.md
  • Stephan BCM, et al. Secular Trends in Dementia Prevalence and Incidence Worldwide: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018. PMID 30347617 — tags: [secular-trends] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • Lastuka A, et al. Estimating the costs of informal care for individuals with brain health disorders from 2000 to 2021: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2026. PMID 41748237 — tags: [cost, informal-care] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md
  • Mobley AR, et al. Thromboembolic events and vascular dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation and low apparent stroke risk. Nat Med. 2024. PMID 38839900 — tags: [atrial-fibrillation, vascular-dementia] — cited by: epidemiology-and-burden.md

Post-stroke trajectories and prediction (STROKOG and related)

  • Lo JW, et al. Short-term Trajectories of Poststroke Cognitive Function: A STROKOG Collaboration Study. Neurology. 2023. PMID 37072222 — tags: [STROKOG, trajectories] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md,subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Lo JW, et al. Long-Term Cognitive Decline After Stroke: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Stroke. 2022. PMID 34775838 — tags: [STROKOG, decline] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md,subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Lo JW, et al. Development of a Prognostic Model for Poststroke Dementia Using Multiple International Cohorts: A STROKOG Collaboration Study. Neurology. 2026. PMID 41525568 — tags: [STROKOG, prediction] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Tang EYH, et al. Assessing the Predictive Validity of Simple Dementia Risk Models in Harmonized Stroke Cohorts. Stroke. 2020. PMID 32568644 — tags: [prediction, external-validation] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Betrouni N, et al. Texture Features of Magnetic Resonance Images Predict Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: Validation in a Multicenter Study. Stroke. 2022. PMID 35862196 — tags: [imaging-texture, prediction] — cited by: post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md
  • Zhao L, et al. Strategic infarct location for post-stroke cognitive impairment: A multivariate lesion-symptom mapping study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018. PMID 28895445 — tags: [lesion-symptom-mapping] — cited by: subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Lal BK, et al. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis is associated with cognitive impairment. J Vasc Surg. 2017. PMID 28712815 — tags: [carotid-stenosis, hypoperfusion] — cited by: subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md

Small-vessel disease mechanisms, genetics, and marker behaviour

  • Jacob MA, et al. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Progression and the Risk of Dementia: A 14-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2023. PMID 37073486 — tags: [RUN DMC, progression] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Sargurupremraj M, et al. Genetic Complexities of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, Blood Pressure, and Dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2024. PMID 38776079 — tags: [Mendelian-randomization, WMH] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md,overview.md
  • Koohi F, et al. Optimizing treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in cerebral small vessel disease using genetics. Brain. 2025. PMID 39661645 — tags: [Mendelian-randomization, drug-targets] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Ma Y, et al. Effect of the Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Drugs on Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Stroke. 2024. PMID 38818733 — tags: [Mendelian-randomization, antihypertensives] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Hilal S, et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition: A meta-analysis of 5 population-based studies. Neurology. 2018. PMID 30068634 — tags: [perivascular-spaces, UNIVRSE] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Ter Telgte A, et al. Temporal Dynamics of Cortical Microinfarcts in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2020. PMID 32065609 — tags: [microinfarcts, RUN DMC-Intense] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Huang J, et al. Cerebral microinfarcts revisited: Detection, causes, and clinical relevance. Int J Stroke. 2024. PMID 37470314 — tags: [microinfarcts, review] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md
  • Brown RB, et al. MINocyclinE to Reduce inflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage in small Vessel diseAse (MINERVA): A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental medicine trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2024. PMID 38629936 — tags: [MINERVA, RCT] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Chung J, et al. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signatures of White Matter Hyperintensities: Mechanistic Insights Into Pathobiological Heterogeneity. J Stroke. 2026. PMID 41656632 — tags: [WMH-heterogeneity, multimodal-MRI] — cited by: pathophysiology.md
  • Pham SD, et al. Small vessel dysfunction at 7T MRI locally predicts white matter damage progression in CADASIL. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2026. PMID 40832975 — tags: [CADASIL, 7T, CVR] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,pathophysiology.md
  • Zhou Y, et al. Interleukin-1β impedes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell recruitment and white matter repair following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Behav Immun. 2017. PMID 27663285 — tags: [OPC-recruitment, IL-1β] — cited by: pathophysiology.md
  • Deng S, et al. Optogenetic Stimulation of mPFC Alleviates White Matter Injury-Related Cognitive Decline after Chronic Ischemia through Adaptive Myelination. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023. PMID 36529961 — tags: [remyelination, neuromodulation] — cited by: pathophysiology.md

Biomarker qualification: MarkVCID and plasma markers

  • Wilcock D, et al. MarkVCID cerebral small vessel consortium: I. Enrollment, clinical, fluid protocols. Alzheimers Dement. 2021. PMID 33480172 — tags: [MarkVCID, protocols] — cited by: biomarkers.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Luckey AM, et al. Biological validation of peak-width of skeletonized mean diffusivity as a VCID biomarker: The MarkVCID Consortium. Alzheimers Dement. 2024. PMID 39569745 — tags: [MarkVCID, PSMD] — cited by: biomarkers.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Maillard P, et al. MRI free water as a biomarker for cognitive performance: Validation in the MarkVCID consortium. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2022. PMID 36523847 — tags: [MarkVCID, free-water] — cited by: biomarkers.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Maillard P, et al. Instrumental validation of free water, peak-width of skeletonized mean diffusivity, and white matter hyperintensities: MarkVCID neuroimaging kits. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2022. PMID 35382232 — tags: [MarkVCID, instrumental-validation] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Liu P, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity MRI as a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease-related cognitive decline: Multi-site validation in the MarkVCID Consortium. Alzheimers Dement. 2024. PMID 38951718 — tags: [MarkVCID, CVR] — cited by: biomarkers.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Bahrani AA, et al. Multi-Site Cross-Site Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability and Construct Validity of the MarkVCID White Matter Hyperintensity Growth and Regression Protocol. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023. PMID 37840499 — tags: [MarkVCID, WMH-change] — cited by: biomarkers.md,clinical-trials-landscape.md
  • Dewenter A, et al. Differential associations of plasma biomarkers with Alzheimer's disease and small vessel disease: A multimodal imaging study. Alzheimers Dement. 2026. PMID 42252508 — tags: [plasma, ptau217, GFAP, NfL] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Lockhart SN, et al. Plasma and neuroimaging biomarkers of small vessel disease and Alzheimer's disease in a diverse cohort: MESA. Alzheimers Dement. 2026. PMID 41630612 — tags: [plasma, MESA] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Zhao Y, et al. Neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019. PMID 31026486 — tags: [NfL, meta-analysis] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Beran M, et al. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and cognition: A two-step IPD meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2024. PMID 39428719 — tags: [endothelial-markers] — cited by: biomarkers.md
  • Liao L, et al. Potential biomarkers for cerebral small vessel disease with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024. PMID 39839309 — tags: [SVD-biomarkers, meta-analysis] — cited by: biomarkers.md

Neuropathology of mixed and cerebrovascular disease

  • Boyle PA, et al. Person-specific contribution of neuropathologies to cognitive loss in old age. Ann Neurol. 2018. PMID 29244218 — tags: [person-specific-attribution] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Lamar M, et al. Complex Profiles of Cerebrovascular Disease Pathologies in the Aging Brain and Their Relationship With Cognitive Decline. Stroke. 2022. PMID 34601898 — tags: [CVD-profiles, Rush] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md,overview.md,subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Yu L, et al. Neuropathologic Profiles and Associated Cognitive Trajectories in Community-Living Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2026. PMID 41543852 — tags: [neuropathologic-profiles, clustering] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Kapasi A, et al. Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2017. PMID 28488154 — tags: [mixed-pathology, threshold] — cited by: mixed-pathology-and-alzheimer-overlap.md
  • Rabin JS, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neuritic amyloid plaques to promote tau and cognitive decline. Brain. 2022. PMID 35759327 — tags: [CAA, tau-mediation] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md

CAA: recurrence, risk stratification, and management

  • Jia X, et al. Risk factors for recurrent cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol. 2023. PMID 38020625 — tags: [CAA, recurrence, meta-analysis] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md,subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md
  • Fandler-Höfler S, et al. Neuroimaging Markers Associated With Recurrent Stroke in Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Atrial Fibrillation: Secondary Analysis of PRESTIGE-AF. Neurology. 2025. PMID 41197104 — tags: [PRESTIGE-AF, imaging] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md
  • Rodrigues MA, et al. Association between the Edinburgh CT and genetic diagnostic criteria for cerebral amyloid angiopathy-associated lobar intracerebral haemorrhage and recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2025. PMID 40975099 — tags: [Edinburgh-CT-criteria] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md,neuroimaging.md
  • Thiankhaw K, et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with atrial fibrillation and intracerebral haemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a multicentre observational study and pooled analysis of published studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2025. PMID 39694822 — tags: [LAAO, CAA] — cited by: cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy.md

Anticoagulation and haemorrhage safety

  • Wilson D, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and intracranial haemorrhage risk in patients anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (CROMIS-2): a multicentre observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2018. PMID 29778365 — tags: [CROMIS-2, microbleeds] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Best JG, et al. Association of enlarged perivascular spaces and anticoagulant-related intracranial hemorrhage. Neurology. 2020. PMID 32934168 — tags: [CROMIS-2, perivascular-spaces] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • ? Effects of oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation after spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage in the UK: a randomised, open-label, assessor-masked, pilot-phase, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021. PMID 34487722 — tags: [SoSTART, RCT] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Effects of oral anticoagulation in people with atrial fibrillation after spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage (COCROACH): prospective, individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Neurol. 2023. PMID 37839434 — tags: [COCROACH, IPD-meta-analysis] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Barbas NR, et al. Competency issues in dementia: medical decision making, driving, and independent living. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2001. PMID 11794448 — tags: [capacity] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Geschwind MD Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016. PMID 27042906 — tags: [rapidly-progressive-dementia] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md
  • Day GS Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2022. PMID 35678409 — tags: [rapidly-progressive-dementia] — cited by: red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

Prevention trials and syntheses

  • Forette F, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998. PMID 9802273 — tags: [Syst-Eur, RCT] — cited by: overview.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Forette F, et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med. 2002. PMID 12374512 — tags: [Syst-Eur, extended-follow-up] — cited by: overview.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Cunningham EL, et al. Pharmacological treatment of hypertension in people without prior cerebrovascular disease for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PMID 34028812 — tags: [Cochrane, antihypertensives] — cited by: overview.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Ding L, et al. Impact of Different Antihypertensive Drug Classes on Incident Dementia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2026. PMID 41962914 — tags: [antihypertensive-class, network-meta-analysis] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Charisis S, et al. Intensive versus standard blood pressure control and overall brain small vessel disease burden: a post-hoc analysis of the SPRINT randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2026. PMID 42614618 — tags: [SPRINT, SVD-burden] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,overview.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Guo J, et al. Effects of rhythm-control and rate-control strategies on cognitive function and dementia in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2024. PMID 38369630 — tags: [atrial-fibrillation, rhythm-control] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Reddin C, et al. Association of lipid-lowering therapy with dementia and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2025. PMID 40794911 — tags: [lipid-lowering, meta-analysis] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Baker LD, et al. Structured vs Self-Guided Multidomain Lifestyle Interventions for Global Cognitive Function: The US POINTER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025. PMID 40720610 — tags: [US POINTER, RCT] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Crivelli L, et al. Multidomain lifestyle intervention for the prevention of cognitive decline in at-risk older adults in Latin America (LatAm-FINGERS): a single-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2026. PMID 42442374 — tags: [LatAm-FINGERS, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Zhang R, et al. Effects of Exercise and Intensive Vascular Risk Reduction on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2026. PMID 41870419 — tags: [exercise, intensive-risk-reduction, RCT] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Lin FR, et al. Hearing intervention versus health education control to reduce cognitive decline in older adults with hearing loss in the USA (ACHIEVE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2023. PMID 37478886 — tags: [ACHIEVE, hearing, RCT] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Branco DR, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonist on dementia risk in atrial fibrillation: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2023. PMID 37405677 — tags: [DOAC, dementia] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md
  • Fong KY, et al. Dementia Risk of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JACC Asia. 2023. PMID 38095004 — tags: [DOAC, dementia] — cited by: prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md

Vascular-dementia pharmacotherapy: trials and syntheses

  • Orgogozo JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke. 2002. PMID 12105362 — tags: [memantine, MMM300] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Wilcock G, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002. PMID 12409683 — tags: [memantine, MMM500] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Cheng T, et al. Pharmacological interventions targeting cognition and related clinical outcomes in vascular dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2026. PMID 42635820 — tags: [VaD-meta-analysis, 2026] — cited by: overview.md,treatment.md
  • Shi X, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine Based on Dosage in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Network Meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2022. PMID 35048806 — tags: [network-meta-analysis, dosage] — cited by: overview.md,treatment.md
  • Dang C, et al. Pharmacological treatments for vascular dementia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024. PMID 39239652 — tags: [Bayesian-network-meta-analysis] — cited by: overview.md,treatment.md
  • Li W, et al. Network meta-analysis of the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for post-stroke cognitive impairment and vascular cognitive impairment. Front Neurol. 2025. PMID 41404461 — tags: [network-meta-analysis, PSCI] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Cui S, et al. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID 31710397 — tags: [Cerebrolysin, Cochrane] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Guekht AB, et al. Cerebrolysin in vascular dementia: improvement of clinical outcome in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011. PMID 20656516 — tags: [Cerebrolysin, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Guekht A, et al. ARTEMIDA Trial (A Randomized Trial of Efficacy, 12 Months International Double-Blind Actovegin): A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Actovegin in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment. Stroke. 2017. PMID 28432265 — tags: [ARTEMIDA, actovegin, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Jia J, et al. The effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia caused by subcortical ischemic small vessel disease: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2016. PMID 26086183 — tags: [butylphthalide, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Kwan J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent cognitive decline in people with small vessel disease on neuroimaging but without dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID 35833913 — tags: [antithrombotics, Cochrane] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Wieland LS, et al. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026. PMID 41641880 — tags: [Ginkgo, Cochrane] — cited by: guidelines.md,overview.md,treatment.md
  • Salvadori E, et al. Efficacy and Safety of the Association of Nimodipine and Choline Alphoscerate in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. The CONIVaD Trial. Drugs Aging. 2021. PMID 33855653 — tags: [CONIVaD, RCT] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,treatment.md
  • Saito S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Cilostazol in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023. PMID 38048134 — tags: [COMCID, cilostazol, RCT] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,treatment.md
  • Bath PM, et al. Isosorbide Mononitrate/Cilostazol for Lacunar Cerebral Small Vessel Disease-Outcomes at 6 Months in the LACI-2 Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2026. PMID 42535538 — tags: [LACI-2, 6-month] — cited by: treatment.md
  • McHutchison C, et al. Cilostazol for Secondary Prevention of Stroke and Cognitive Decline: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke. 2020. PMID 32646330 — tags: [cilostazol, meta-analysis] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,treatment.md
  • Webb AJS, et al. Cerebrovascular Effects of Sildenafil in Small Vessel Disease: The OxHARP Trial. Circ Res. 2024. PMID 38832504 — tags: [OxHARP, sildenafil, RCT] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,treatment.md
  • McShane R, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID 30891742 — tags: [memantine, Cochrane] — cited by: treatment.md
  • Pessoa RMP, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on behavioral and psychological symptoms of vascular dementia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2026. PMID 41277041 — tags: [BPSD, cannabidiol, RCT] — cited by: treatment.md

Guidelines and recommendation grading

  • Quinn TJ, et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Academy of Neurology joint guidelines on post-stroke cognitive impairment. Eur Stroke J. 2021. PMID 34746430 — tags: [ESO-EAN, GRADE] — cited by: guidelines.md,overview.md
  • Wardlaw JM, et al. ESO Guideline on covert cerebral small vessel disease. Eur Stroke J. 2021. PMID 34414301 — tags: [ESO, covert-SVD] — cited by: cerebral-small-vessel-disease.md,guidelines.md,treatment.md
  • Kim Y, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Dementia: Recommendations for Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine. Dement Neurocogn Disord. 2025. PMID 39944527 — tags: [Korean-CPG, GRADE] — cited by: guidelines.md
  • Kandiah N, et al. Treatment of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with or without cerebrovascular disease: Expert consensus on the use of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2019. PMID 30648358 — tags: [EGb761, expert-consensus] — cited by: guidelines.md,overview.md
  • Swartz RH, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Vascular cognitive impairment, 7th edition practice guidelines update, 2024. Alzheimers Dement. 2025. PMID 39822128 — tags: [Canadian-Stroke-Best-Practices] — cited by: cognitive-profile-and-assessment.md,epidemiology-and-burden.md,guidelines.md,nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md,overview.md,patient-experience-and-advocacy.md,post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md

Imaging automation and machine learning

  • Kim H, et al. Automated Segmentation of MRI White Matter Hyperintensities in 8421 Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2024. PMID 39013565 — tags: [deep-learning, WMH-segmentation] — cited by: neuroimaging.md
  • Lohner V, et al. Machine learning applications in vascular neuroimaging for the diagnosis and prognosis of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025. PMID 40775365 — tags: [machine-learning, systematic-review] — cited by: neuroimaging.md

Patient experience, service design, and outcome measurement

  • Andrew NE, et al. Understanding long-term unmet needs in Australian survivors of stroke. Int J Stroke. 2014. PMID 25042019 — tags: [unmet-needs, survey] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • van de Schraaf SAJ, et al. Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives on Post-Diagnostic Care for People with Vascular Cognitive Impairment: When Help Is Needed in a "No-Man's Land". J Alzheimers Dis. 2024. PMID 39240640 — tags: [service-fragmentation, qualitative] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Hobden G, et al. Research investigating patient and carer psychoeducation needs regarding post-stroke cognition: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2025. PMID 39819901 — tags: [psychoeducation, scoping-review] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Di Folco C, et al. CADA-PRO: A Patient Questionnaire Measuring Key Cognitive, Motor, Emotional, and Behavioral Outcomes in CADASIL. Stroke. 2024. PMID 39234671 — tags: [CADA-PRO, patient-reported-outcome] — cited by: clinical-trials-landscape.md,patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Johnston K, et al. Understandings of dementia in low and middle income countries and amongst indigenous peoples: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Aging Ment Health. 2020. PMID 31074290 — tags: [culture, LMIC] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
  • Lillekroken D, et al. Family caregivers' experiences of providing care for family members from minority ethnic groups living with dementia: A qualitative systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2023. PMID 34786789 — tags: [caregivers, minority-ethnic] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md

Additional records

  • Razvi SS, et al. The prevalence of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in the west of Scotland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005. PMID 15834040 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md,overview.md
  • Moreton FC, et al. Changing clinical patterns and increasing prevalence in CADASIL. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014. PMID 24840674 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md,overview.md
  • Hack RJ, et al. Three-tiered EGFr domain risk stratification for individualized NOTCH3-small vessel disease prediction. Brain. 2023. PMID 36535904 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md
  • Cho EH, et al. Genetic epidemiology of moyamoya disease and CADASIL in over 120,000 healthy Korean individuals: Insights into cerebrovascular disorders. PLoS One. 2025. PMID 40982447 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: monogenic-and-inherited-forms.md,overview.md

Records cited in wiki pages and catalogued at the 2026-09-02 deepening pass

This section closes the gap between the wiki reference lists and this bibliography, and adds every record introduced by the second deepening pass. Entries are grouped by the page that first cites them; the cited by field lists every page. All PMIDs were re-resolved through live PubMed E-utilities on 2026-09-02.

biomarkers.md

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clinical-trials-landscape.md

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nosology-and-diagnostic-criteria.md

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overview.md

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pathophysiology.md

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  • Lahna D, et al. Venous Collagenosis as Pathogenesis of White Matter Hyperintensity. Ann Neurol. 2022. PMID 36054513 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: pathophysiology.md
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patient-experience-and-advocacy.md

  • Hill J, et al. Patterns of healthcare utilization and costs for vascular dementia in a community-dwelling population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005. PMID 16155348 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: patient-experience-and-advocacy.md
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post-stroke-cognitive-impairment.md

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prevention-and-risk-factor-control.md

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red-flags-and-safety-concerns.md

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subtypes-and-clinical-syndromes.md

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treatment.md

  • Black S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke. 2003. PMID 12970516 — tags: [vascular-dementia] — cited by: treatment.md
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